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quiz june 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are drugs that are prescribed for their effects in relieving symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders? | Psychotherapeutic Drugs |
| What are the two types of psychosis? | Organic psychoses and Functional psychoses |
| How many years after the Canadian regulatory agency issued warnings on antidepressants among youth, was there a decline in medical treatment for depression in children? | 2 years |
| What is the most effective treatment for relieving severe depression? | ETC Therapy |
| Define depressants | depressants are prescription drugs that have a widespread effect on the brain that decreases CNS activity |
| Mechanism action due to depressants | Acts on the brain by increasing activity of GABA. This action causes the drowsy and calming effects that make the medicine effective for anxiety and sleep disorders |
| Barbiturates common behavioural effects | psychological dependence (compulsive drug use). Physical dependance (withdrawal symptoms) They produce similar effects of alcohol |
| Secobarbital onset/action of the drug | a short acting barbiturate has relatively rapid onset entering the brain quickly with increased potential of dependence. The duration is relatively short. |
| Benefits of sedatives. | Sedatives have various benefits, Sodium pentathol for example in low dose is used as a “truth serum” because it relaxes someone enough to sometimes allow them to remember repressed memories. |
| what neurotransmitter receptor is affected with heroin | The neurotransmitter receptor that is affected with heroin would be the mu-opioid receptors. |
| Effects of heroin on the nervous system | heroin attacks the limbic system in the brain and causes a powerful high t |
| What happened in North America in 1960? | Cocaine use began to increase at the end of the 1960s |
| What does illicit mean? | Forbidden by law, rules, or custom |
| reproductive effects of cocaine | **The risk of miscarriages and torn placenta is increased when cocaine is used.** |
| Important current pattern of cocaine use in Canada | used more commonly by Canadian residents aged 15-24 rather than 25+. |
| Acute toxicity -cocaine | acute cocaine poisoning leads to profound CNS stimulation , progressing to convulsions, which can lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest. |
| Chronic toxicity - cocaine. | regularly snorting cocaine ( mainly cut ) can irritate the nasal septum leading to an inflamed and runny nose. |
| Dependance- cocaine | particularly among these who inject or inhale the cocaine. Each year cocaine accounts for the largest proportions of admission for drug treatment. |
| health concerns of cocaine | Cocaine is a powerful stimulant. Health concerns are constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, nausea, raised body temperature and blood pressure. |
| absorption and elimination of cocaine | Consumed through different routes. intravenously, inhalation, oral and intranasal. Elimination within two days. |
| Who is the largest drug cultivator of coca bush? | Colombia is world's largest cultivator of coca hush with 81000 hectares |
| What can happen if your caught with cocaine? | possession is subject to fines up to 1000$ or imprisonment for up to 6 months or both for a first offence. Penalties are greater for possession of larger amounts or subsequent offences. Conviction for trafficking can be life in prison. |
| Cocaine use in the 1900s | cocaine and opium-laced elixirs (magical or medicinal potions), tonics and wines were broadly used by people of all social classes. An anesthetic for dental and eye surgery. |
| who was trading for and then distributing coco leaves in the 1700s | The Spanish people began trading for coca leaves and distributing them around the world in the 1700’s. |
| What is the definition of stimulants? | Stimulants are substances that keep a person going mentally and physically. |
| Caffeine and nicotine are seen and categorized as? | readily available stimulants. |
| smokable cocaine is called ? | crack, due to the crackling sound it makes |
| The most frequent point of cocaine seizure | Toronto’s Pearson International Airport. |
| mechanism of action- cocaine | Cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. |
| Pharmacokinetics- amphetamines | amphetamines are consumed via oral, intranasal, intravenous and inhalation routes. Complete elimination of the drug occurs within two days of last dose. |
| mechanism of action- amphetamines | Amphetamines increase the release of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin from their storage vesicles resulting in an increased concentration of these monoamines at the synapse. |
| do cocaine and amphetamines produce dependence? | yes |
| Depressants may be prescribed in low doses for ? | their sedative effect |
| Depressants may be prescribed in higher doses to be used as? | sleeping pills |
| The barbiturates and benzodiazepines both increase the inhibitory neural effects of the neurotransmitter thats called? | the neurotransmitter GABA. |
| Drugs that have a short duration of action, are they more likely to produce withdrawal symptoms? | yes |
| Abuse of inhalants can cause? | organ damage, including neurological damage, more readily than with alcohol or other psychoactive substances. |
| DSM-5 provides what? | a standard diagnostic approach, Includes hundreds of specific diagnostic categories, Widely used classification system. |
| Treatment of panic attacks depends on what? | Treatment of panic attacks depends on clinical history and brain regions involved. |
| Typical and atypical antipsychotics are associated with increased risk of what? | Typical and atypical antipsychotics are associated with increased risk of death in older adults. |
| The major groups of antidepressant drugs are ? | MAOIs, the tricyclics, and the SSRIs. |
| Many antidepressant medications work to increase serotonin or norepinephrine levels within the brain. Is this true? | yes |
| lithium is used for? | Lithium acts as a mood-normalizing agent in people with bipolar disorder, preventing both manic and depressed |
| Stigma attached to mental illnesses doesn't present a serious barrier to diagnosis and treatment . | false |
| Most psychoactive drugs are taken by one of three basic routes, what are the three basic routes? | by mouth, injection, or inhalation. |
| The therapeutic index is a measure of what? | The therapeutic index is a measure of the relative safety of a drug. |
| Drug tolerance can arise from changes in what? | changes in drug distribution and elimination, from behavioural adaptations and from changes caused by homeostatic mechanisms. |
| Physical dependence is a result of ? | Physical dependence is a result of tolerance |
| For a drug to be psychoactive, its molecules must be capable of passing through what? | its molecules must be capable of passing through the blood–brain barrier. |
| ECT today | We have many drugs and therapys to use first today before having to resort to ECT, ECT is used as a last resort in this time period |
| ECT 1950, was it effective? | ECT was effective and was the most common used form of treatment due to the lack of therapy and drugs available, we have access to many more treatments today so its used less often. |
| Atypical antipsychotics block what? | Atypical antipsychotics block both D2 dopamine and 5HT2A serotonin receptors. |
| Major depression occurs more for what gender? | Major depression occurs in 10-25% of women-nearly twice as many as men. |
| what precent of mental illness occurs before age 25? | 70% of mental illnesses appear before the age of 25. |
| what two drugs are the most abused? | Tobacco and cannabis |
| risk of substance abuse with people that have mental health disorders is how much higher? | In people with mental disorders, the risk of substance abuse is two to four times as high as in the general population. |
| Cannabis use can trigger what? | Cannabis use can trigger psychosis and schizophrenia. |
| Focusing on mental illness as an actual illness with neurobiological causes has helped how? | helped promote the development of new treatments, reduced the stigma of magical or religious theories of mental illness, encouraged investment in research, treatment, and care. |
| Medical model steps are? | symptoms , diagnosis , determination of cause , treatment , cure |
| what mental health disorder is the most common? | Mood disorders are the most common |
| What percentage of Canadians will experience mental illness in their life? | One in five Canadians ( 20%) will have a mental health problem at some point in their lives. |
| Psychoactive drugs are prescribed in the hopes of what? | relieving symptoms of anxiety depression and other mental health disorders. |
| Physical symptoms often associated with activation of the autonomic nervous system when experiencing anxiety could be? | flushed skin, dilated pupils, gastrointestinal problems, increased heart rate, shortness of breath are all physical symptoms of anxiety |
| Anxiety disorders—characterized by what? | excessive worry, fears, or avoidance |
| define obsessions | unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, or images; intrusive and inappropriate causing marked distress. |
| define compulsions | urgent, repetitive behaviours, such as hand washing, counting, or repeatedly “checking” to make sure that some dreaded event will not occur |
| What is PTSD | Exposure to an event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, and the person reacted with intense fear or helplessness. |
| Define Psychosis | —a serious mental disorder involving loss of contact with reality. |
| Organic psychoses: physical causes? | brain tumours or infections, metabolic or endocrine disorders, degenerative neurological diseases, chronic alcohol use, high doses of stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine. |
| Functional psychosis physical causes? | no known or obvious physical cause. |
| people with panic disorders report increased anxiety in their lives that led to what? | depression |
| Symptoms don’t always fit neatly into diagnostic categories for what type of mental illness? | Mood disorders |
| 2 types of psychosis | organic psychosis and functional psychosis |
| Antipsychotic drugs are the last choice for schizophrenia treatment, true or false? | false, its the first choice |
| Paraldehyde, a sedative was a major drug in the 1950’s for severely disturbed patients. True or false? | True |
| the two types of bipolar disorder episodes? | manic episodes and major depressive episodes |
| Fatigue, guilt and insomnia/hypersomnia are symptoms of which state of bipolar disorder? | Major depressive episode. |
| Name the drug that was reintroduced to treat depression in 1955. | Iproniazid. |
| What are two possible side effects of second gen antipsychotics? | Side effects of second generation antipsychotics are weight gain, diabetes, movement effects(i.e. Tremors, stiffness, agitation), sleepiness or low energy, decreased sex drive and function(i.e. Missed periods, breast discharge or lactation) |
| What is Tardive Dyskinesia caused by? | caused by super sensitivity of the dopaminergic receptors. |
| cocaine medical uses | used as an anesthetic |
| What is ECT used for? | To treat major mental disorders. |
| Two groups of antipsychotics | Conventional/first generation (introduced before mid-1990s)., Atypical/second generation(introduced in the past 10 years) |
| Antipsychotics produce pseudoparkinsonism, this does what? | indicating a link to dopamine receptors. |
| Psychotics effects in children can be? | When used in children there is a high risk of weight gain and metabolic changes. |
| psychotics effects in the elderly | Elderly patients with dementia have a significant increase in death risk from cardiovascular and other problems. |
| define depression | Depression is a serious, debilitating disorder that often responds to antidepressant medication. |
| Antidepressant major types | Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors,Examples: phenelzine, tranylcypromine, Tricyclic antidepressantsExamples: amitriptyline, doxepin, nortriptyline, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Examples: fluoxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine |
| MOA inhibitors do what? | Work by increasing the availability of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. |
| Tricyclic antidepressants do what? | May work by reducing the uptake (and thereby increasing the availability) of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. |
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors do what? | SSRIs may work by reducing the uptake (and thereby increasing the availability) of serotonin. |
| Antidepressants: Mechanism of Action | Appear to work by increasing the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin, A lag period before improvement in mood is seen. |
| Chlorpromazine, a phenothiazine is what? | was the first antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia. |
| Many antidepressant medications work to increase what? | serotonin or norepinephrine levels within the brain. |
| Depressants = drugs that slow activity in the central nervous system. True or false? | True |
| History of Chloral hydrate | Synthesized in 1832; used clinically in 1870. |
| History of Paraldehyde | Synthesized in 1829; used clinically in 1882 |
| Bromides history and use? | Widely used as a sleep agent in patent medicines; appeared in OTC drugs through the 1960s. |
| Barbiturates history | 1903: Barbital (Veronal) became the first barbiturate to be used clinically, Other popular barbiturates include phenobarbital, amobarbitaland secobarbital. |
| Short-acting(pentobarbital, secobarbital), time of onset and duration of action?(barbiturates) | Time of onset: 15 minutes, Duration of action: 2 to 3 hours |
| Intermediate-acting(amobarbital, butabarbital, time of onset and duration of action? (barbiturates) | Time of onset: 30 minutes, Duration of action: 5 to 6 hours |
| Long-acting (mephobarbital, phenobarbital), time of onset and duration of action? (barbiturates) | Time of onset: 1 hour, Duration of action: 8 hours or longer |
| Meprobamate history and use? | The first modern anti anxiety agent (anxiolytic), Widely prescribed beginning in the 1950s. like barbiturates, can produce psychological and physical dependence. |
| Sodium Pentathol what is it? | Ultra-short acting barbiturate. Administered intravenously. Used as an anesthetic for brief surgical procedures. Also used to make people relaxed and talkative (truth serum) |
| Secobarbital has a short, rapid onset of action. It is a short acting barbiturate. True or false? | True |
| Phenobarbital is a long acting barbiturate, less likely to produce psychological dependence. True or false? | true |
| Diazepam has a less rapid onset than chlordiazepoxide and has a shorter duration of action, True or false? | False-- Diazepam has a more rapid onset than chlordiazepoxide but has a longer duration of action due to slow metabolism. |
| what reports surfaced about Benzodiazepines: Rohypnol? | Reports surfaced of the drug being slipped into drinks and used as a “date-rape” drug. |
| Rohypnol is times more potent than diazepam. true of false? | true |
| Nonbenzodiazepine Hypnotics | Depressant drugs that do not have the chemical structure of benzodiazepines but have similar effects. |
| The non benzodiazepine drug Zolpidem binds selectively to GABAa receptor and is suggested to be a better hypnotic agent. True or false? | True |
| Benzodiazepines and barbiturates, Binds with brain receptors, Enhance the normally inhibitory effects of GABA. true or false? | True |
| Four benzodiazepines that are most commonly prescribed? | alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), clonazepam (Klonopin) and diazepam (Valium) |
| a few Ways to Falling Asleep Without Pills | Have a regular sleep schedule. When you go to bed, turn out the lights and relax. Exercise regularly but not late in the evening. Prepare a comfortable sleep environment in terms of temperature and noise. |
| Depressants: Causes for Concern? | Psychological dependence, Physical dependence, Toxicity Behavioural and Physiological, Patterns of abuse. |
| Overall, more females than males use benzodiazepines. True or false? | true |
| Among First Nations and Inuit, the rate of potential misuse appears to be lower then the rest of population in Canada. True or false? | False-- Among First Nations and Inuit, the rate of potential misuse appears to be the same as the rest of population in Canada. |
| what does Nitrites do? | Relaxes blood vessels which increases blood flow, but also lowers blood pressure. |
| Inhalants dangers are? | Kidney damage, Brain damage, Peripheral nerve damage , Irritation of the respiratory tract, severe headache, Death by suffocation |
| Possession and use of volatile solvents are not prohibited under Canadian federal law. True or false? | True |
| Gamma hydroxybutyricacid is a naturally-occurring chemical found in the brain and body. What does it do ? | Causes CNS depression, especially when combined with alcohol. |
| The barbiturates and benzodiazepines both increase the inhibitory neural effects of the neurotransmitter GABA, True or false? | True |
| Cocaine and amphetamine are restricted stimulants. True or false? | True |
| Coca has been harvested for thousands of years and actively cultivated for how many years ? | over 800 years. |
| what was used in many products including lozenges, tea, and, especially, wine. | Coca wine |
| Coca extract was later used in the United States in early versions of Coca-Cola and in many patent medicines. True or false? | True |
| Early psychiatric uses of cocaine ? | use of cocaine as a treatment for depression and morphine dependence. |
| Infrequent use of smoked cocaine changed in the what year ? | changed in the mid-to late-1980s |
| Three largest cultivators of coca bush are? | Colombia remained the world’s largest cultivator of coca bush, followed by Peru, and Bolivia. |
| The largest proportion of cocaine smuggled into Canada continues to be concentrated at major ports of entry located in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. True or false? | True |
| Mechanism of Action for cocaine? | Cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. |
| How is cocaine metabolized? | Cocaine is metabolized by enzymes in the blood and liver. |
| Local anesthetic properties of cocaine were discovered in 1860, but the drug was not used medically until 1884. True or false? | True |
| Amphetamine was used medically for? | Asthma, Narcolepsy, Hyperactivity in children, Appetite suppressant, Stimulant |
| The structure of methamphetamine allows it to more easily cross the blood-brain barrier. True or false? | True |
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jadehunt32
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