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Special Populations
special population groups requires a full understanding of specific needs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Older adults, Pre & postnatal women, Young People (14-16) & Disabled people are considered as ? | Specialist populations |
| working with any Specialist population group requires a full understanding of what | their specific needs |
| Name the 4 specialist populations | Older adults, Pre & postnatal women, Young People (14-16) & Disabled people |
| what is a PAR-Q ? | A Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire |
| what documents could be used to uncover health and lifestyle issues prior to an exercise program starting ? | PAR-Q - Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire |
| if a client was to answer "YES" on a PAR-Q - Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, what would be advised | To speak & be cleared from their GP before any exercise program begins |
| who is the ACSM | American college of sports medicine |
| at what age is an individual classed as an "older adult" under the ACSM guidelines ? | over 65 |
| Why would an individual be classed as an "older adult (over 65)" under ACSM guidlines even though they were only 55 | if 55 & over + 1 clinically significant health condition or physical limitation classes you as an older adult |
| why do certain adaptations need to be made with exercise programs when working with "older adults" | due to age effect on various body systems, skeleton etc changes may need to be made for safety & fitness potential |
| at what age does ageing begin to take effect physically | around 50, this can be around 40 if the individual has led an inactive life or much older than 50 if a healthy active life is maintained |
| once the ageing process begins what % decline per year on a physical capacity ? | 1 to 2 % |
| osteoarthritis ? | increased joint wear-and-tear |
| osteoporosis ? | loss of bone mass |
| atherosclerosis ? | plaque builds up inside your arteries |
| explain the term "exercise contraindication" | a medical condition that poses to great a risk to a persons health for exercise to be considered safe |
| why should a client be signposted back to their GP prior to exercise | they have an exercise contraindication |
| name some medical conditions considered exercise contraindications | diabetes, asthma, angina, |
| name a blood pressure reading considered an exercise contraindication | 180/110 |
| a condition that makes your heart beat more than 100 times per minute is an exercise contraindication known as ? | Tachycardia |
| Tachycardia | a condition that makes your heart beat more than 100 times per minute |
| Effects of ageing on the neuromuscular system | Less fast twitch muscle - Weaker & smaller muscle fibres - Reduced motor neurons & neuromuscular transmission (fewer nerves sending messages) - Reduced capillaries - Sensory decline (loss of hearing and vision) & Cognitive decline |
| Ageing - Fitness potential considerations the neuromuscular system | Reduced Muscular strength • Reduced muscle power • Reduced coordination • Reduced movement speed • Reduced muscular endurance • Reduced flexibility and ROM • Reduced balance and coordination • Reduced postural stability • Reduced short-term memory |
| Effects of ageing on the skeletal system | • Loss of bone mass and reduced bone density. • Increased risk of osteoporosis. • Reduced availability of synovial fluid. • Calcification of the joints (calcium laid down in the cartilage). |
| Ageing - Fitness potential considerations the skeletal system | • Bones become less resilient to stress and more susceptible to fracture. • Stiffer, less mobile joints. • Reduced shock absorption in the joints. |
| Effects of ageing on the cardiorespiratory system | • Reduced stroke volume and cardiac output. • Less efficient heart and circulatory system. • Increased blood pressure. • Fewer capillaries. • Less elastic vessels. • Reduced intake, uptake and utilisation of oxygen |
| Ageing - Fitness potential considerations the cardiorespiratory system | Lower maximal heart rate. • Lower training heart rate. • Slower recovery rate. • Decreased tolerance to fatigue. • Tendency to tire quicker. • Lower anaerobic threshold. • Lower tolerance of high-intensity exercise |
| Using a longer more gradual warm up of around 15 mins would be usually applied to which specialist population | clients aged 50+ |
| Maintaining activity levels and exercise is generally recommended for healthy pregnant women TRUE/FALSE ? | TRUE In most cases, activity and exercise at the appropriate intensity are safe for both mother and baby and not associated with any adverse effects |
| Benefits of exercise during pregnancy: | Prevention of excessive gestational weight gain & gestational diabetes. Decreased risk of preeclampsia, incidence of low back pain & urinary incontinence. Maintenance of fitness Prevention/improvement of depressive symptoms & postnatal weight retention. |
| Which pregnancy screening tool should always be used prior to participation in in any exercise program ? | The PARmedX for pregnancy screening tool |
| General effects of pregnancy | Increased heart rate. • Increased stroke volume. • Increased cardiac output. • Increased oxygen uptake. • Increased laxity of joints |
| Pregnancy - what is "Relative contraindications to exercise" | where exercise is possible with precaution |
| Pregnancy - what is "Absolute contraindications to exercise" | requiring direct referral back to the GP |
| how long after birth do the physiological & postural changes of pregnancy persist ? | around several months |
| How long after child birth should exercises involving impact, twisting & rapid, ballistic/aggressive movements be avoided | around 6 months |
| what is Pelvic floor dysfunction ? | the inability to correctly tighten and relax the pelvic floor muscles |
| what is one of the main causes of Pelvic floor dysfunction | childbirth |
| at what period of pregnancy would these occur - 1-3Kg weight increase, breast/uterus enlarge, mornijng sickness, hormonal changes eg increased relaxin effecting ligamanets & joint stability | 0-3 months |
| at what period of pregnancy would these occur - 6-8Kg weight increase, poss low back/shoulder/neck pain, postural changes (thoracic kyphosis/shoulder girdle protraction) abdominal muscles stretch/lengthen as baby grows | 3-6 months |
| at what period of pregnancy would these occur - 3-4Kg weight increase, tire easily, baby pushes on pelvic floor, baby weight stresses lower spine (increased lordotic curve), center of gravity changes affecting blalance | 6-9 months |
| after childbirth how long should a mother avoid physical stress | 2 weeks |
| after normal childbirth how long should a mother rest before returning to activity | 6 weeks |
| after caesarean childbirth how long should a mother rest before returning to activity | 12 weeks |
| weak pelvic floor, less stable pelvic girdle, poss abdominal separation, rectus abdominis mechanicall weaker for 12 months are all symptons associated after what | pregnancy / childbirth |
| which client(s) should always only exercise according to how they are feeling | pregnant women |
| a women feeling nausea, dizziness & fainting could be signs of ? | pregnancy |
| what changes could make a pregnant woman more vulnerable to injury, joint misalignment, muscle imbalance and motor skills decline ? | Hormonal and postural changes |
| Exercising in the supine position after 16 weeks should be a voided in what circumstances | pregnancy |
| Exercising to the point of exhaustion should be a voided in what circumstances | pregnancy |
| Lying in a supine position should be avoided from 16 weeks of pregnancy and be replaced with ? | seated or standing alternatives |
| Women should not begin exercising post birth until they have received the permission of ? | GP / Healthcare professional |
| After birth (prior to progressing to more vigorous exercise) the focus should be to | re-educate posture and joint alignment, address muscle imbalances, improve stability and motor skills and encourage transversus abdominis (TA) recruitment and pelvic floor function. |
| After child birth what kind of CV exercise should be introduced ? | low impact. low to moderate intensity |
| After child birth what kind of duration should CV exercise be in ? | (begin with 15 minutes and increase gradually to 30 minutes) |
| warning signs to stop exercise during pregnancy | vaginal bleeding, amniotic fluid loss, shortness breath, dizziness, faintness, headache, chest pain, muscle weakness, calf pain/swelling, decreased foetal movement, premature labour |
| Guidance states that the aims of prenatal exercise should be to ? | maintain fitness not progress |
| what kind of hip exercises should be avoided during pregnancy ? | hip rotation & forward flexion |
| who are not considered a special population ? | deconditioned or previously sedentary clients (may need more help than healthy exercising adults but are not considered as special population |
Created by:
LeeNelson
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