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LOM Ch. 5
The Language of Medicine Ch 5 the digestive system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream | absorption |
| small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested | amino acids |
| enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o) | amylase |
| terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body | anus |
| blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). It literally means hanging (pend/o) onto (ap-, which is a form of ad-) | appendix |
| digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbadder. it breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. This originally was called gall, probably because it has a bitter taste. it is composed of bile pigments (colored materials), cholesterol, and bi | bile |
| pigment released by the liver in bile | bilirubin |
| intestine | bowel |
| pointed, dog-like teeth next to incisors. also called cuspids or eyeteeth (4 qty, 1 in each quadrant) | canine teeth |
| first part of the large intestine | cecum |
| portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments | colon |
| carries bile from the liver and gallbadder to the duodenum. also called the choledochus | common bile duct |
| elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus | defacation |
| swallowing | deglution |
| primary material found in teeth. it is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root. | dentin |
| breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms | digestion |
| first part of the small intestine. Duo=2, den=10; the duodenum measures 12 inches long | duodenum |
| act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible material as feces | elimination |
| physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat | emulsification |
| hard, outermost layer of a tooth | enamel |
| chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. digestive e enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. enzymes are given names that end in -ase | enzyme |
| tube connecting the throat to the stomach. eso- means inward; phag/o - means swallowing | esophagus |
| substances produced when fats are digested. fatty acids are a category of lipids | fatty acids |
| solid wastes; stool | feces |
| small sac under the liver; stores bile | gallbladder |
| simple sugar | glucose |
| starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells | glycogen |
| substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion of food | hydrochloric acid |
| third part of the small intestine from the Greek eilos, meaning twisted. when the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction | ileum |
| any one of our four front teeth in the upper/lower dental arch, there are 2 in each quadrant of the mouth | incisor |
| hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. it transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation of the liver | insulin |
| second part of the small intestine. the latin jejunus means empty; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examined after death | jejunum |
| pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats | lipase |
| large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. it secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; and filters out toxins. It weighs 2.5-3 pounds | liver |
| ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. also called the cardiac sphincter | absorption passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream amino acids small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested amylase enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancrea |
| chewing | mastication |
| sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle of either side of the dental arch. (premolar or bicuspid teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars) | molar teeth |
| roof of the mouth. the hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat | palate |
| organ behind the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods) | pancreas |
| small projections on the tongue. a papilla is a nipple-like elevation | papillae (singular;papilla) |
| salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. note the literal meaning of parotid (par- = near; ot/o = ear) | parotid gland |
| rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. in the GI tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates; stomach, 0.5-2 hours; small intestine, 2 to 6 hours; and colon, 6 to 72 hours. peri - means surrounding; stalks is constriction | peristalsis |
| throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the hose | pharynx |
| large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines | portal vein |
| enzyme that digests protein | protease |
| soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels | pulp |
| ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. from the greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. it is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it | pyloric sphincter |
| distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum | pylorus |
| last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus | rectum |
| ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach | rugae |
| digestive juice produced by salivary glands. saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar | saliva |
| parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands | salivary glands |
| fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum | sigmoid colon |
| circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening | spinchter |
| muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. the stomach's parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and Antrum (distal section) | stomach |
| fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. triglycerides )fats) are a subgroup of lipids. another type of lipid is cholesterol | triglycerides |
| uvula | |
| soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. the latin UVA means bunch of grapes | uvula |
| microscopic projections in the wall of small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream | villi (singular;villus) |
| an/o | anus |
| append/o ; appendic/o | appendix |
| bucc/o | cheek |
| cec/o | cecum |
| celi/o | belly, abdomen |
| cheil/o | lip |
| cholecyst/o | gallbladder |
| choledoch/o | common bile duct |
| col/o | colon |
| colon/o | colon |
| dent/i | tooth |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| enter/o | intestines, usually small intestines |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| faci/o | face |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| gingiv/o | gums |
| gloss/o | tongue |
| hepat/o | liver |
| ile/o | ileum |
| jejun/o | jejunum |
| labi/o | lip |
| lapar/o | abdomen |
| lingu/o | tongue |
| mandibul/o | lower jaw; mandible |
| odont/o | tooth |
| or/o | mouth |
| palat/o | palate |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| peritone/o | peritoneum |
| pharyng/o | throat |
| proct/o | anus or rectum |
| plyor/o | pyloric sphincter |
| rect/o | rectum |
| sialaden/o | salivary gland |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| stomat/o | mouth |
| uvul/o | uvula |
| amyl/o | starch |
| bil/o | gall, bile |
| bilirubin/o | bilirubin, (bile pigment) |
| chol/e | gall, bile |
| chlorhydr/o | hydrochloric acid |
| gluc/o | sugar |
| glyc/o | sugar |
| glycogen/o | glycogen, animal starch |
| lip/o | fat, lipid |
| lith/o | stone |
| prote/o | protein |
| py/o | pus |
| sial/o | saliva, salivary gland |
| steat/o | fat |
| -ase | enzyme |
| -chezia | defecation, elimination of wastes |
| -iasis | abnormal condition |
| -prandial | meal |
| anorexia | lack of appetite |
| anorexia nervosa | loss of appetite associated with emotional problems such as anger, anxiety, and irrational fear of weight gain |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
| borborygmi (singular: borborygmus) | rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract |
| constipation | difficulty passing stools (feces) |
| laxatives, cathartics | medications to promote movement of stools |
| diarrhea | frequent passage of loose, watery stools |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| eructation | gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth |
| flatus | gas expelled through the anus |
| hematochezia | passage of fresh, bright red blood from the anus |
| jaundice (icterus) | yellow orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by the high levels of bilirubin in the blood |
| melena | black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood |
| nausea | unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit |
| steatorrhea | fat in the feces |
| aphthous stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers |
| dental caries | tooth decay |
| herpetic stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth cased by infection with the herpesvirus |
| oral leukoplakia | white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth |
| periodontal disease | inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone |
| achalasia | failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax |
| esophageal cancer | malignant tumor of the esophagus |
| esophageal varices | swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus |
| gastric cancer | malignant tumor of the stomach |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach |
| hernia | protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it |
| peptic ulcer | open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum |
| anal fistula | abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus |
| colonic polyps | polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon |
| colorectal cancer | adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both |
| Crohn Disease | chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract |
| diverticulosis | abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon |
| dysentery | painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection |
| hemorrhoids | swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region |
| ileus | loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines |
| inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) | inflammation of the colon and small intestine |
Created by:
Marshaherrera
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