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LOM Ch. 5

The Language of Medicine Ch 5 the digestive system

QuestionAnswer
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream absorption
small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested amino acids
enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o) amylase
terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body anus
blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). It literally means hanging (pend/o) onto (ap-, which is a form of ad-) appendix
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbadder. it breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. This originally was called gall, probably because it has a bitter taste. it is composed of bile pigments (colored materials), cholesterol, and bi bile
pigment released by the liver in bile bilirubin
intestine bowel
pointed, dog-like teeth next to incisors. also called cuspids or eyeteeth (4 qty, 1 in each quadrant) canine teeth
first part of the large intestine cecum
portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments colon
carries bile from the liver and gallbadder to the duodenum. also called the choledochus common bile duct
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus defacation
swallowing deglution
primary material found in teeth. it is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root. dentin
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms digestion
first part of the small intestine. Duo=2, den=10; the duodenum measures 12 inches long duodenum
act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible material as feces elimination
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat emulsification
hard, outermost layer of a tooth enamel
chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. digestive e enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. enzymes are given names that end in -ase enzyme
tube connecting the throat to the stomach. eso- means inward; phag/o - means swallowing esophagus
substances produced when fats are digested. fatty acids are a category of lipids fatty acids
solid wastes; stool feces
small sac under the liver; stores bile gallbladder
simple sugar glucose
starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells glycogen
substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion of food hydrochloric acid
third part of the small intestine from the Greek eilos, meaning twisted. when the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction ileum
any one of our four front teeth in the upper/lower dental arch, there are 2 in each quadrant of the mouth incisor
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. it transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation of the liver insulin
second part of the small intestine. the latin jejunus means empty; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examined after death jejunum
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats lipase
large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. it secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; and filters out toxins. It weighs 2.5-3 pounds liver
ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. also called the cardiac sphincter absorption passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream amino acids small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested amylase enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancrea
chewing mastication
sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle of either side of the dental arch. (premolar or bicuspid teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth, before the molars) molar teeth
roof of the mouth. the hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat palate
organ behind the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods) pancreas
small projections on the tongue. a papilla is a nipple-like elevation papillae (singular;papilla)
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. note the literal meaning of parotid (par- = near; ot/o = ear) parotid gland
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. in the GI tract, peristalsis moves the contents through at different rates; stomach, 0.5-2 hours; small intestine, 2 to 6 hours; and colon, 6 to 72 hours. peri - means surrounding; stalks is constriction peristalsis
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the hose pharynx
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines portal vein
enzyme that digests protein protease
soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels pulp
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. from the greek pyloros, meaning gatekeeper. it is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it pyloric sphincter
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum pylorus
last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus rectum
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach rugae
digestive juice produced by salivary glands. saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar saliva
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands salivary glands
fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum sigmoid colon
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening spinchter
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. the stomach's parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and Antrum (distal section) stomach
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. triglycerides )fats) are a subgroup of lipids. another type of lipid is cholesterol triglycerides
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. the latin UVA means bunch of grapes uvula
microscopic projections in the wall of small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream villi (singular;villus)
an/o anus
append/o ; appendic/o appendix
bucc/o cheek
cec/o cecum
celi/o belly, abdomen
cheil/o lip
cholecyst/o gallbladder
choledoch/o common bile duct
col/o colon
colon/o colon
dent/i tooth
duoden/o duodenum
enter/o intestines, usually small intestines
esophag/o esophagus
faci/o face
gastr/o stomach
gingiv/o gums
gloss/o tongue
hepat/o liver
ile/o ileum
jejun/o jejunum
labi/o lip
lapar/o abdomen
lingu/o tongue
mandibul/o lower jaw; mandible
odont/o tooth
or/o mouth
palat/o palate
pancreat/o pancreas
peritone/o peritoneum
pharyng/o throat
proct/o anus or rectum
plyor/o pyloric sphincter
rect/o rectum
sialaden/o salivary gland
sigmoid/o sigmoid colon
stomat/o mouth
uvul/o uvula
amyl/o starch
bil/o gall, bile
bilirubin/o bilirubin, (bile pigment)
chol/e gall, bile
chlorhydr/o hydrochloric acid
gluc/o sugar
glyc/o sugar
glycogen/o glycogen, animal starch
lip/o fat, lipid
lith/o stone
prote/o protein
py/o pus
sial/o saliva, salivary gland
steat/o fat
-ase enzyme
-chezia defecation, elimination of wastes
-iasis abnormal condition
-prandial meal
anorexia lack of appetite
anorexia nervosa loss of appetite associated with emotional problems such as anger, anxiety, and irrational fear of weight gain
ascites abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
borborygmi (singular: borborygmus) rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract
constipation difficulty passing stools (feces)
laxatives, cathartics medications to promote movement of stools
diarrhea frequent passage of loose, watery stools
dysphagia difficulty in swallowing
eructation gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
flatus gas expelled through the anus
hematochezia passage of fresh, bright red blood from the anus
jaundice (icterus) yellow orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by the high levels of bilirubin in the blood
melena black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
nausea unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
steatorrhea fat in the feces
aphthous stomatitis inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
dental caries tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis inflammation of the mouth cased by infection with the herpesvirus
oral leukoplakia white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth
periodontal disease inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
achalasia failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
esophageal cancer malignant tumor of the esophagus
esophageal varices swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
gastric cancer malignant tumor of the stomach
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
hernia protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it
peptic ulcer open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
anal fistula abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
colonic polyps polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
colorectal cancer adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
Crohn Disease chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
diverticulosis abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon
dysentery painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
hemorrhoids swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
ileus loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) inflammation of the colon and small intestine
Created by: Marshaherrera
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