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Neuromuscular system
Muscular & Nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All body movement requires communication between what ? | The brain and muscles |
| Name an unconscious body movement | DIGESTION, eg digestive muscles breaking up food |
| How many muscles in the human body ? | over 600 |
| what percentage of body weight is taken by muscles | around 40% |
| how is movement generated | contraction & relaxtation of muscles |
| the muscular system generates body movements give two examples | running & jumping |
| the muscular system powers internal processes give two examples | heart muscle contraction & focussing the eye |
| Contraction of the heart is controlled by ? SAN | (S)ino(A)trial (N)ode |
| Autohrythmicity is what ? | The set rhythm of the heart |
| what is the average BPM of the heart at rest | 72bpm |
| what system do all the internal/external muscles of the body work in conjunction with | the nervous sytem |
| Name the 3 types of muscle tissue | "CARDIAC" (myocardium) + "SMOOTH" + "SKELETAL" |
| Name the two muscle tissues that are under involuntary control (autonomic nervous system) | "CARDIAC" (myocardium) + "SMOOTH" |
| Name the muscle tissue under voluntary control (somatic nervous system) | "SKELETAL" |
| Name the two muscle tissues that are striated in appearance (eg streaked/stripey) | "CARDIAC" (myocardium) + "SKELETAL" |
| which muscle tissue spindle shaped ? | "SMOOTH" |
| where is smooth muscle found - give examples | "digestive system" to break down food/drink -- "blood vessel walls" to control blood flow |
| what is the purpose of the cardiac muscle | ensuring the heart beats in time to pump oxygen around the body |
| where is skeletal muscle found give examples | biceps - triceps - quadriceps |
| purpose of skeletal muscle - describe | to create bodily movement |
| name the four key muscle tissue characteristics - C,E,E,E | "Contractility" (can shorten) - "Extensibility" (can lengthen) - "Elasticity" (regain original size/shape) - Excitibility" (can respond to nervous system) |
| What can happen to skeletal muscle if pulled to far ? | it can tear |
| main constituents of skeletal muscle are ? W/P/M | water , protein & minerals |
| skeletal muscle - what percentage "water" ? | 70% |
| skeletal muscle - what percentage "protein" ? | 23% |
| skeletal muscle - what percentage "minerals/substrates" ? | 7% |
| give examples of proteins in skeletal muscle A/M/C | Actin - Myosin (elastin) - Collagen (connective tissue) |
| give examples of minerals in skeletal muscle C/P/P | Calcium - Potassium - Phosporous |
| give examples of substrates in skeletal muscle G/G/F | Glycogen - Glucose - Fatty acids |
| What are substrates used for in skeletal muscles | Energy source to power muscle contractions |
| skeletal muscles make the human body move, how ? | they shorten & lengthen by pulling on bones |
| what is a bundle of individual muscles fibers known as ? | fasciculi |
| What connective tissue is a "bundle of muscle fibres" (fasciculi) wrapped in ? | Perimysium |
| what is the connective tissue that a single muscle fibre is wrapped in | Endomysium |
| what is a myofibril | A muscle fiber which in turn contains strands of myofilaments |
| what are the two protein strands (myofilaments) inside a muscle fiber (myofibril) M/A ? | MYOSIN (thick) + ACTIN (thin) |
| When the two protein strands "myosin" and "actin" work together what happens ? | Contraction eg Movement |
| what is formed when layers of connective tissue in skeletal muscle converge ? T | Tendons |
| what do tendons attach to (outer sheath of the bone) ? P | Periosteum |
| who proposed the "sliding filament theory" ? | Huxley in 1954 |
| how many projecting heads does a myosin molecule have ? | 2 |
| what is ATP the high energy molecule stored on the myosin head, short for ? | (A)denosine (T)riphos(P)hate |
| Name the two distinct skeletal muscle fiber twitch types | Slow Twitch (Type 1) for Aerobic Endurance + Fast twitch (Type 2) for Explosive |
| Structural features of Slow Twitch Muscle (Type 1) reverse of type 2 | smaller diameter - Large myoglobin content - Many Mitochondria (aerobic energy cells) - Many capillaries - Red in colour |
| Structural features of Fast Twitch Muscle (Type2 ) reverse of type 1 | larger diameter - Lower myoglobin content - Fewer Mitochondria (aerobic energy cells) - Fewer capillaries - white in colour |
| Functional features of Slow Twitch Muscle (Type 1) reverse of type 2 | Increased oxygen delivery - produce less force - Long term contractions - Resistant to fatigue - Aerobic |
| Functional features of Fast Twitch Muscle (Type 2) reverse of type 1 | Decreased oxygen delivery - produce more force - Short term contractions - Less Resistant to fatigue - Anaerobic |
| order of the sliding filament theory - brief desrcription | ATP nods to ACTIN (thin) filaments which slide over MYOSIN (thick) filaments which shortens the SARCOMERE which causes short/lengthening of the MUSCLE |
| what are capillaries | tiny blood vessels that deliver blood and oxygen |
| what is Myoglobin (symbol Mb or MB) | is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue |
| what is Mitochondria | cells where aerobic energy is produced |
| what colour are slow twitch muscle fibres | red |
| what colour are fast twitch muscle fibres | white |
| Anaerobic (Fast twitch) Muscles - Examples | Explosive, eg power lifting, Sprinting, Bodybuilding |
| Aerobic (Slow twitch) Muscles - Examples | Endurance eg Marathons, Long distance cycling, Triathlon |
| What two myofilaments does the SARCOMERE house M/A | MYOSIN (thick) + ACTIN (thin) |
| roughly what % of slow twitch muscles would marathon runners have ? | around 80% |
| roughly what % of fast twitch muscle would sprinters have ? | around 60% |
| Give an example of slow twitch muscles | Neck & back for maintaining posture |
| Give an example of body parts that use fast twitch muscles | Shoulders and arms for generating force |
| Give an example of combined slow/fast twitch muscles | legs for continually supporting the body & generating movement |
| Can fast & slow twitch muscles be converted into eachother ? | No |
| name the fast twitch muscle fibres that can adapt & respond to either fast or slow twitch muscle demands | intermediate fibres |
| name the START (Anchor) point of muscles ? | Origin - the proximal attachment eg closest the midline of the body |
| name the END point of muscles ? | Insertion - the distal attachment eg furthest away form the midline of the body |
| Muscles can have more than one ORIGIN give examples | Quads = 4 Origins - Triceps = 3 Origins |
| Intense exercise that brings about "anaerobic" metabolism will boost what | Muscular strength & mass - increasing the size of fast twitch muscle |
| Moderate intensity "aerobic" endurance exercise will increase what ? | Blood & Oxygen to the muscle - increasing the aerobic capacity of slow twitch muscles |
| Name the contraction given to Muscles that lengthen or shorten under tension | Isotonic Contraction |
| name the two contractions that that happen via isotonic contraction | Concentric & Eccentric |
| describe a concentric contraction (sub contraction of isotonic) -(exercise example) | eg upward phase of a bicep curl - eg the "insertion" moves towards the "origin" - the muscle shortens under tension |
| describe a eccentric contraction (sub contraction of isotonic) -(exercise example) | eg downward phase of a bicep curl - eg the "insertion" moves away from the "origin" - the muscle lengthens under tension |
| Name the contraction given to Muscles that stay the same length under tension eg muscle is flexed without movement (a pose) | isometric contraction |
| Name the contraction given to Muscles that contract at the same speed throughout the movement under tension | isokinetic |
| describe a isometric contraction (exercise example) | Squatting - holding a squat at the bottom of the movement or pausing a push up halfway |
| During any movement different muscles can be working in one of four ways - name them - A/A/S/F | Agonist - Antagonist - Synergist - Fixator |
| Give an example of "AGONIST" during muscle movement | Contracting muscle(s) - eg Quads during a leg extension |
| Give an example of "ANTAGONIST" during muscle movement | opposing muscle(s) to the AGONIST that relaxes eg hamstrings during a leg extension |
| Give an example of "SYNERGIST" during muscle movement | the muscle(s) that contracts to assist or modify the movement of the prime mover eg during a hip extension the hamstrings act as synergists for the glutes |
| Give an example of "FIXATOR" during muscle movement | the muscles that contract to stabilise the part of the body that remains fixed eg shoulder girdle muscles stabilise the scapula to allow efficient movement of the arm from the shoulder joint |
| Which way does a concentric contraction go ? | UP against gravity eg pushing up phase on a push up eg muscle shortens |
| Which way does a eccentric contraction go ? | DOWN with gravity eg lowering phase of a push up eg muscle lengthens |
| What is the name of the main muscle responsible for a movement? | Agonist |
| Name the three types of muscle contraction ? (ICE) | Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric = "ICE" |
| Which type of muscle fibre has many mitochondria | Type 1 - slow twitch |
| What is the prime mover when performing press ups? | Pectoralis Major |
| What are movements of the shoulder girdle? PR+ED | Protraction, retraction, elevation and depression |
| When a muscle assists another muscle to allow movement to occur it is acting as a/an | synergist |
| What is the name given to a unit of myofibrils repeated within skeletal muscle | Sarcomere |
| Entire muscle is surrounded by a broad protective fibrous sheet known as ? | Epimysium |
| muscle generates force and lengthens (lowering and decelerating) is which action | Eccentric |
| muscle generates force and shortens (lifting or accelerating). is which action | Concentric |
| muscle generates force and stays the same length (holding/ static control) | Isometric |
Created by:
LeeNelson
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