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Bio Exam 1
frick me man
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Specialized cell types organized in a way that provides a specific function form | tissues, which build organs |
| An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n) | physiologist |
| A tissue is a | group of cells with similar structure and function. |
| In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector | reverses the original stimulus. |
| Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires | negative feedback |
| The activities of an anatomist consist of ______, whereas those of a physiologist consist of _____ | observing body parts; studying functions of body parts |
| Homeostatic mechanisms are said to act by negative feedback because changes away from the normal state | stimulate changes in the opposite direction |
| Positive feedback mechanisms | move conditions away from the normal state. |
| Which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism in the human body? | pulling blankets over yourself when cold at night |
| A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when | blood calcium levels decrease. |
| Studies at the biochemical and molecular levels would be most appropriate for learning about the | physiological functions of organs. |
| Anatomy is | the study of structure. |
| Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity? | Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems |
| Which of the following is not true of organelles? | They are only in cells of humans. |
| Potential energy is | stored energy that could do work but is not doing so. |
| Molecules that form when electrons are shared unequally between atoms are called | polar molecules. |
| Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called | electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current. |
| Glycogen is the | storage carbohydrate in animals |
| Normal blood pH is maintained within a range of | 7.35 - 7.45. |
| The amount of matter in an object is its | mass |
| Which of the following organic groups does a steroid belong to? | lipid |
| A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms is a(n) | compound and a molecule. |
| The presence of water in our bodies allows us to | cool the body with sweat. maintain a fairly constant body temperature. provide an environment for chemical reactions. keep tissues moist and reduce friction. |
| Phospholipids | are found in cell membranes. |
| ATP | can be synthesized from ADP. stores and releases energy in the cell. is associated with a reversible reaction. is associated with anabolism and catabolism. |
| Substances dissolved in the liquid portion of a solution are called | solutes. |
| Adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain are held together by | peptide bonds |
| Starch is the | storage carbohydrate in plants. |
| All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called | anabolism. |
| Denaturation is | a change in the three-dimensional structure of a protein. |
| The pH value | is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions |
| Carbon dioxide is considered a(n) | molecule and a compound. |
| The energy stored in ATP is a form of ________ energy. | chemical |
| Sodium chloride is considered a(n) | compound. |
| An organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur; the molecule is probably | an amino acid. |
| Electrolytes are substances that | conduct electricity when dissolved in water. |
| Lipids | can insulate and help prevent heat loss. |
| Large carbohydrates are formed from smaller units called | monosaccharides. |
| Nucleotides | are the building blocks of nucleic acids |
| The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecule of water are held together by | polar covalent bonds provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues. |
| In ionic bonding, | electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
| Triglycerides are composed of | glycerol and fatty acids. |
| Chemical energy | is a form of potential energy within chemical bonds |
| What protein structure results from folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids? | secondary structure |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence from largest to smallest? | cell, protein, amino acid, atom |
| Proteins | provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues. |
| Polysaccharides | dissociate or separate from one another. |
| Energy | is the capacity to do work. |
| Reactions that use water to split molecules apart are called _______ reactions. | hydrolysis |
| Cellulose is the | nondigestible plant polysaccharide. |
| Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the synthesis of ATP? | ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O |
| Lipids | sucrose (C12H22O11) |
| A neutral atom contains | the same number of electrons and protons. |
| Fatty acid A has 10 double covalent bonds scattered throughout its carbon chain while fatty acid B has only single covalent bonds between the carbons in its chain | Fatty acid B is saturated. |
| If the potential energy in the chemical bonds of the reactants is greater than the potential energy in the chemical bonds of the product, | energy is released by the reaction. |
| Kinetic energy is | the form of energy that actually does work. |
| Subatomic particles located around the nucleus of an atom are | electrons |
| DNA | contains the sugar deoxyribose. |
| Solution A has a pH of 10 and solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true | Solution B has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than solution A. |
| A buffer will | resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions |
| Solution A increases its acidity. This means that the | number of hydrogen ions has increased. |
| The model that helps explain how an enzyme works is the | lock-and-key model. |
| Which of the following is a synthesis reaction? | Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide |
| Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the decomposition of ATP? | ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy |
| Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes? | One enzyme can have many reactions. |
| What type of cell has abundant mitochondria? | cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP) |
| he cytoplasm is made up of | Both cytosol and organelles. |
| Experimental manipulation to increase the energy output of the cell might include | increasing the number of mitochondria. |
| Cells that lack ribosomes cannot | engage in protein synthesis. |
| What is the organelle where subunits of ribosomes are manufactured? | nucleolus |
| Which of the following structures is found in the nucleus? | chromosome |
| A cell that produces many proteins for secretion would have large numbers of | rough ER and Golgi apparatus. |
| Which of the following cell organelles is CORRECTLY matched with its function? | microtubules - cell support |
| What type of cell has abundant ribosomes? | fibroblast (makes protein fibers) |
| Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubules have extensions that increase their surface area called | microvilli. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to it is called | rough ER. |
| Which of the following organelles may or may not have ribosomes attached? | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Organelles | vary in number and type depending on cell function. |
| If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's _____ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department. | Golgi apparatus |
| What is the only human cell with a flagellum? | spermatozoa |
| Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane? | recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system |
| In general, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the ______ _______; and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the ______ _____. | membrane channels; lipid bilayer |
| The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately referred to as | extracellular. |
| Plasma membrane phospholipids | have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. |
| ______ act like identification tags in the glycocalyx that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells | Glycoproteins |
| The predominant lipid in the cell membrane is a | phospholipid. |
| Transmembrane proteins that make up enzymes in the plasma membrane are made up of hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Most amino acids embedded in the membrane are ________, while most amino acids facing the extracellular fluid are __________. | hydrophobic; hydrophilic |
| Plasma membrane phospholipids | have nonpolar fatty acid tails. form a bilayer. have polar phosphate heads. create a selectively permeable barrier |
| _____ are membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate. | Receptors |
| The plasma membrane | regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell. |
| Glycolipids would contain both lipids and | carbohydrates. |
| The main components of the plasma membrane are | proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. |
| The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means | only certain substances can pass through it. |
| Which of the following is NOT consistent with active transport? | movement is with a concentration gradient |
| The sodium-potassium pump located in the plasma membrane | actively transports potassium into cells. |
| Which of the following events occurs in the secondary active transport of glucose? | Na+ ions and glucose are cotransported by the same carrier molecule.The Na+-K+ pump Na+ concentration gradient inside the cell.,Energy comes from diffusion of Na+ down their concentration gradient,Glucose is moved against concentration gradient |
| White blood cells digest other cells and so would be expected to | have large numbers of lysosomes. |
| Active transport | requires ATP. |
| Endocytosis | is the bulk uptake of material through the plasma membrane by vesicle formation. |
| The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient is called | active transport. |
| Experimental manipulation to increase the energy output of the cell might include | increasing the number of mitochondria. |
| The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of less concentration is called | diffusion. |
| In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region | of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
| All of the following processes can move substances out of a cell EXCEPT | phagocytosis. |
| Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected? | active transport |
| Pinocytosis | involves ingestion of liquids rather than particles. |
| Which of the following categories of epithelium is based on cell shape? | columnar |
| To determine that a type of epithelium is squamous, which of the following is most important? | the shape of the most superficial epithelial cells |
| Which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function? | squamous epithelium - stretching |
| What type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder? | transitional epithelium |
| The epidermis of the skin is composed of | stratified squamous epithelium. |
| A tissue that has a fluid matrix is | blood. |
| What type of cells contain large amounts of lipids? | adipocytes |
| Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue? | has good blood supply within it |
| An epithelium with all cells tall and narrow and with every cell touching the basement membrane is called ________________ | simple columnar. |
| __________________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas __________________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion. | Simple squamous; stratified squamous |
| The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are | collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers. |
| Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both | dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues. |
| _______________ lines body cavities, covers the body surface, and forms the lining of many organs. | Epithelial tissue |
| Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many | desmosomes |
| What attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane? | hemidesmosomes |
| A thick, sticky secretion produced by goblet cells is called | mucus. |
| Bone | has a rich blood supply |
| Stratified epithelium consists of | multiple layers of cells. |
| A cell that forms fibrous connective tissue would be called a | fibroblast. |
| What type of epithelial tissue is found lining the trachea? | pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
| What type of epithelial tissue is found in the mouth? | stratified squamous epithelium |
| Collagenous fibers are very abundant in | tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin. |
| Which of the following types of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix? | cartilage - highly vascular matrix |
| A coiled fibrous protein in connective tissue that is stretchy is called | elastin. |
| Connective tissue in tendons is | dense regular collagenous tissue. |
| Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements. | false |
| __________________ secrete the rubbery matrix of cartilage, whereas ________________ produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue. | Chondroblasts; fibroblasts |
| Cartilage heals slowly after an injury because | it has few, if any, blood vessels. |
| In the intestine, __________________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. | tight junctions |
| What type of epithelial tissue is found in the kidney tubules? | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Dense regular collagenous connective tissue would be found in | a ligament. |
| various types of epithelium are classified by | the shape of cells and number of cell layers. |
| Epithelial tissue is characterized by | tightly packed cells |
| _______________ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as in the ________________ | Nonkeratinized; vagina |
| All cells in this tissue reach the basement membrane and only cells that reach the free surface have cilia | pseudostratified columnar |
| ______________ epithelium allows for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs | Simple squamous |
| Which type of epithelium has the following characteristics: multiple layers, squamous cell shape, dead outer layers of cells, and keratin present in some cells? | stratified keratinized squamous epithelium |
| Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers in connective tissues all contain | proteins |
| The basement membrane is found between | epithelium and connective tissue. |
| All cells attached to the basement membrane but not all cells reach free surfaces is a description of | pseudostratified columnar epithelium. |
| __________________ tissue is highly vascular, whereas _______________ is not. | Areolar; cartilage |
| Most kidney tubules are made of this tissue specialized for absorption and secretion. | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Epithelial tissue is distinguished from connective, muscular, or nervous tissue by its | basement membrane. |
| A brush border of microvilli belongs to _______________ epithelium found in the ______________. | simple columnar; small intestine |
| Adipose tissue | functions as an insulator and a site of energy storage. |
| _____________ cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia produce protective mucous coatings over the mucous membranes. | Goblet |
| A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it | interstitial fluid is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope. |
| Blood cells are produced in hemopoietic tissue found in | red bone marrow. |
| The membrane that lines digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consists of | epithelium and lamina propria. |
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