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Ch. 5 - Anatomy

Chapter 5 - Anatomy

Term	Definition
Anatomy	the study of organs and the systems of the body.
Gross Anatomy	the study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
Physiology	the study of the functions of these organs and systems.
Histology	the study of microscopic structures.
Cells	the basic units of life. They are made of protoplasm.
Protoplasm	a colorless, gel-like substance that contains water, salt, and nutrients obtained from food.
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Cell Membrane	the three basic parts of a cell.
Nucleus	the control center for cell activities; is vital for cell reproduction. Controls cell reproduction, growth, and metabolism.
Cytoplasm	the production department of a cell. Organelles perform cell activities, store nutrients, and repair and restore cell.
Cell Membrane	the outer surface and enclosing structure of the cell.
1) Adequate food, oxygen, and water 2) Proper temperature 3) The ability to remove waste products	the three things cells need to grow and stay healthy.
Mitosis	"indirect division"; the process describing how somatic cells reproduce by dividing in half.
Metabolism	the chemical process by which cells receive nutrients for cell growth and reproduction. Affected by hereditary factors, health conditions, medicines, exercise, diet, and eating habits.
Anabolism	the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. During this process, the body stores food, water, and oxygen.
Catabolism	the process of breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. The release of energy is necessary for specific body function such as muscle movement and digestion.
Epithelial, Muscular, Connective, Liquid, and Nerve	the five types of tissues.
Epithelial	a type of tissue that protects skin surfaces and internal organs.
Connective	a type of tissue that supports, protects, and holds the body together.
Nerve	a type of tissue that delivers messages to and from the brain; also coordinates body functions.
Muscular	a type of tissue that, when stimulated, contracts to produce motion.
Liquid	a type of tissue that carries food, waste products, and hormones.
Organs	separate body structures that perform specific functions; made of two or more different types of tissue.
Body System	a group of organs that perform one or more vital functions for the body. Organs can belong to multiple systems.
Skeletal System	a body system that provides a framework for the body. Consists of 206 bones of different shapes and/or sizes.
Muscular System	a body system that moves the body.
Circulatory System	the "vascular system"; a body system that circulates blood and lymph throughout the body.
Nervous System	a body system and sends and receives messages from the brain.
Digestive System	a body system that supplies nutrients to the body.
Excretory System	a body system that eliminates waste from the body.
Respiratory System	a body system that controls breathing.
Endocrine System	a body system that controls growth, health, and reproduction.
Reproductive System	a body system that functions in generating new life to perpetuate the species.
Integumentary System	a body system that covers protects the entire body.
Osteology	the study of bones.
Long, Flat, and Irregular	the three types of bones.
Long	a type of bone found in the arms and legs.
Flat	a type of bone that is plate-shaped; found in the skull, scapula, hips, sternum, ribs, and the patella.
Irregular	a type of bone that is uneven in shape and found in the wrist, ankle, and spinal column.
Bone	the body's hardest structure; consists of 2/3rds mineral matter and 1/3rd organic matter. Supports body structure, protects internal organs, provides frame for muscles, allows body movement, produces red and white blood cells, and stores calcium.
Cranium	made up of the bones of the skull not including the facial bones. Includes 8 bones.
Frontal	the cranial bone spanning from the top of the eyes to the top of the head; forms the forehead.
Parietal	the cranial bone which includes the crown of the skull and the upper sides of the head.
Occipital	the cranial bone making up the back of the skull; forms an indentation above the nape.
Temporal	the cranial bone making up either side of the head directly above the ears and below the parietal bones.
Sphenoid	the cranial bone behind the eyes and nose; connects all bones of the cranium.
Ethmoid	the spongy cranial bone between the eyes that forms part of the nasal cavity.
Facial Skeleton	the bones of the skull not including the cranial bones; made up of 14 bones.
Mandible	the facial bone that makes up the lower jaw; the largest bone of the facial skeleton.
Maxillae	the two facial bones that make up the upper jaw.
Zygomatic	malar; the two facial bones that form the upper cheek and bottom of the eye socket. Form the cheekbones.
Lacrimal	the smallest two facial bones that form the front of the inner, bottom wall of the eye socket.
Nasal	the two facial bones that join to form the bridge of the nose.
Neck Bones	the bones that make up the top of the spinal column which connects to the base of the skull; provides structure and movement to the neck and head.
Cervical Vertebrae	seven neck bones that form the top half of the spinal column; lightly massaged during facial treatments.
Hyoid	the U-shaped neck bone at the base of the tongue that supports the muscles of the tongue. The only bone in the human body not connected to another bone.
Back, Chest, and Shoulder Bones	the bones which enclose and protect the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.
Thorax	chest; the bony cage made up of spinal bones (thoracic vertebrae), the sternum, and twelve ribs.
Thoracic Vertebrae	medical term for the spine.
Clavicle	chest bone that runs across chest between shoulders.
Scapula	two large, flat shoulder bones that extend from the middle of back upward to the joint attached to the clavicle.
Humerus	the largest bone of the upper arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.
Radius	the smaller bone on the thumb side of the forearm.
Ulna	the bone on the little finger side of the forearm.
Carpals	the eight small bones held together by ligaments from the wrist (carpus). Makes up base of hand.
Metacarpals	the five long, thin bones that form the palm of the hand.
Phalanges	the fourteen bones that form the digits (fingers). The thumb is made up of two, and the other fingers are made up of three.
Organelles	small structures which perform most of the cell's activities. They store food for growth as well as repair and restore the cell.
Decolletage	the upper chest area.
Nine	the number of the fourteen facial bones involved in facial massage.
Olecranon Process	the elbow joint.
Myology	the study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.
40%	the percentage of a human's average body weight which muscles make up.
Muscles	fibrous tissues that contract or relax when stimulated by the nervous system. There are more than 500 in the body.
Movement, Attachment, Protection, Shape	the four functions of the muscular system.
Anterior	in front.
Posterior	behind or in the back.
Superioris	located above or is larger than.
Inferioris	located below or is smaller than.
Levator	lifts up.
Depressor	draws down or depresses.
Dilator	opens, enlarges, or expands.
Striated	"voluntary" or "striped" muscles; type of muscle tissue that responds to conscious commands.
Non-striated	"involuntary" or "smooth" muscles; the type of muscle tissue that responds automatically to control various body functions such as the internal organs.
Cardiac	"heart"; a unique muscle found only in the heart. Functions involuntarily.
Origin	the fixed portion of the muscle attached to bone or another fixed muscle.
Skeletal Muscle	the part of the muscle attached to bone.
Belly	the term applied to the midsection of the muscle between the insertion and origin.
Insertion	the portion of the muscle joined to movable attachments: bones, movable muscles, or skin.
Tendons	bands of fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bones.
Ligaments	dense, strong bands of fibrous tissue that connect the bones to each other, forming joints.
Massage, Electric Current, Light Rays, Heat Rays, Moist Heat, Nerve Impulses, and Chemicals	methods that cause stimulation of muscle tissue.
Epicranius	"occipito-frontalis"; the broad muscle that covers the scalp. Is formed by two muscles joined by the aponeurosis tendon.
Frontalis	the muscle that extends from the forehead to the top of the skull. Raises eyebrows and draws the scalp forward.
Occipitalis	the muscle located at the nape of the neck. Draws the scalp back.
Auricularis Anterior	muscle located in front of the ear.
Auricularis Superior	the muscle located above the ear.
Auricularis Posterior	the muscle located behind the ear.
Corrugator	the muscle located underneath the eyebrows; draws the eyebrows in and downwards.
Levator Palpebrae Superioris	the muscle located above the eyelids; opens the eyelids.
Orbicularis Oculi	the muscle that encircles the eye socket; closes the eyelid.
Procerus	the muscle located between the eyebrows, across the bridge of the nose. Draws the brows downwards and wrinkles the bridge of the nose.
Oris Orbicularis	the muscle that encircles the mouth; contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips. Whistling.
Quadratus Labii Superioris	"levator labii superioris"; muscles located above the upper lip; raises both the nostrils and the upper lip. Distaste.
Quadratus Labii Inferioris	"depressor labii inferioris"; muscle located below lower lip; pulls lower lip down or to side. Sarcasm.
Mentalis	muscles located at tip of chin; pushes lower lip up and wrinkles chin. Doubt.
Risorius	muscle located at the corner of the mouth; draws the mouth up and out. Grinning.
Caninus	"levator anguli oris"; muscle located above the corners of the mouth; raises the angle of the mouth. Snarling.
Triangularis	"depressor anguli"; muscle located below corners of mouth; draws corners of mouth down. Sadness.
Zygomaticus	muscles located outside corners of the mouth; draws mouth up and back. Laughing and smiling.
Buccinator	muscle located between the jaws and cheek; compresses the cheek. Blowing out air.
Temporalis	muscle located above and in front of ear; opens and closes the jaw. Mastication.
Masseter	muscle that covers the hinge of the jaw; aids in closing the jaw. Chewing.
Platysma	muscle that extends from the tip of the chin to the shoulders and chest; lowers bottom jaw and lip. Sadness.
Sternocleido Mastoideus	the muscle that extends along the side of the neck from the ear to the collarbone; moves head from side to side and up and down. "Yes" and "No".
Trapezius	the muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper back; muscles draw head back, control shoulder blades and swinging motion of arms.
Latissimus Dorsi	the muscle that covers the lower back; draws head back, controls shoulder blades and swinging motion of arms.
Pectoralis Major and Pectoralis Minor	muscles that extend across the front of the chest; assists in swinging the arms.
Serratus Anterior	muscle located underneath the arm; helps in lifting the arm and moves during breathing.
Deltoid	the triangular-shaped muscle that lifts the arm or turns it.
Bicep	primary muscle in front of upper arm; raises the forearm, bends the elbow, and turns the palm of the hand down.
Tricep	muscle that extends the upper arm; controls forward movement of forearm.
Supinator	the muscle that runs parallel to the ulna; turns the palm of the hand up.
Pronator	muscle that runs across front of the lower part of the radius and the ulna; turns palm of the hand downward and inward.
Flexor Ulnaris	muscle that is located mid-forearm, on inside of arm; bends wrists and closes fingers.
Extensor Radialis	muscle that is located mid-forearm, on outside of arm; straightens the fingers and wrists.
Abductor	the muscles that separate the fingers.
Adductor	the muscles that draw the fingers together.
Opponens	the muscles that are located in the palm of the hand; cause the thumb to move toward the fingers. Grasping and making fists.
Cardiovascular	"blood vascular system", a part of the circulatory system. Includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Circulates blood.
Lymph Vascular	a part of the circulatory system that circulates lymph through lymph glands, lymph nodes, and vessels.
Heart	fist-sized, cone-shaped muscular organ located in the chest cavity. Contracts and relaxes to force blood through the circulatory system.
Pericardium	the tough outer membrane which encompasses the heart.
Heart Rate	average is 60-100 beats per minute. Regulated by impulses from the SNS and the vagus.
Right Atrium	the "right auricle"; deoxygenated blood enters here through the Superior Vena Cava.
Left Atrium	the "left auricle"; oxygenated blood enters here through the pulmonary vein.
Right Ventricle	the lower right chamber of the heart; deoxygenated blood enters here through the tricuspid valve.
Left Ventricle	the lower left chamber of the heart; oxygenated blood enters here through the bicuspid valve.
Blood	the sticky, salty fluid that circulates through the body. Brings nourishment and oxygen to all body parts while carrying toxins to the liver and kidneys.
Average amount of blood in adult human body	8-10 pints
Blood Cells	made up of red and white corpuscles, platelets, and plasma. Composes the semi-solid part of blood.
Red Blood Cells	known as "erythrocytes" or "red corpuscles"; carries oxygen and hemoglobin. Attracts oxygen through oxygenation and releases it while collecting carbon dioxide.
Hemoglobin	a protein in red blood cells that attracts oxygen molecules.
Oxygenation	the process by which hemoglobin attracts oxygen molecules.
White Blood Cells	known as "leucocytes" or "white corpuscles"; protect body by fighting bacteria and other foreign substances. Increases when body experiences infection.
Blood Platelets	known as "thrombocytes"; initiates coagulation of the blood when exposed to air or trauma in skin tissue.
Plasma	the fluid part of blood in which RBCs, WBCs, and blood platelets are suspended. Composed of 90% water.
Blood Vessels	any vessels through which blood circulates in the body. There are three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
The three types of blood vessels	arteries, veins, and capillaries
Arteries	tubular, elastic, thick-walled branching vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
Veins	tubular, elastic, thin-walled branching vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the capillaries to the heart. Contain cuplike valves to prevent backwards flow. Closer to outer surface of body than arteries.
Capillaries	small vessels that take nutrients and oxygen from the arteries to the cells. Also takes waste products from cells to the veins.
Heart Attack	an event that causes permanent damage or death to part of the heart muscle.
Cardiac Arrest	when the heart stops beating altogether, resulting in imminent cardiac death in the absence of immediate medical attention.
Systemic Circulation	"general circulation"; the process of blood traveling from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart.
Superior Vena Cava	the vein which transports oxygen-depleted blood into the right auricle.
Tricuspid	the valve which transports deoxygenated blood from the right auricle to the right ventricle.
Pulmonary Artery	the artery which transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Pulmonary Circulation	the phase of blood circulation during which blood travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Pulmonary Vein	the vein which transports newly oxygenated blood to the left auricle.
Bicuspid Valve	"mitral valve"; the valve which transports blood from the left auricle to the left ventricle.
Aorta	the largest artery in the body; transports blood from the left ventricle to the arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Venules	small veins that join capillaries to larger veins.
Common Carotid Arteries	arteries located on either side of the neck. Splits into an internal carotid artery and an external carotid artery.
Internal Carotid Artery	the artery which supplies blood to the brain, eyes, and forehead.
External Carotid Artery	the artery which branches into smaller arteries; supplies blood to the skin and the muscles of the head.
Internal and External Jugular	the veins which transport blood from the head, face, and neck back to the rest of the body.
Posterior Auricular	supplies blood to the scalp above and behind the ears.
Superficial Temporal	supplies blood to the sides and top of the head; branches into five smaller arteries that supply blood to the frontal artery, the parietal artery, the middle temporal, the transverse artery, and the anterior auricular.
Frontal Artery	the artery which supplies blood to the forehead.
Parietal Artery	the artery which supplies blood to the crown and sides of the head.
Middle Temporal	supplies blood to the temples.
Transverse Artery	the artery which supplies blood to the masseter.
Anterior Auricular	supplies blood to the anterior part of the ear.
External Maxillary	the "facial artery"; supplies blood to the lower portion of the face including the mouth and nose. Branches into smaller arteries which supply the submental artery, the inferior labial, the angular artery, and the superior labial.
Submental Artery	the artery which supplies the chin and lower lip.
Inferior Labial	supplies blood to the lower lip.
Angular Artery	supplies blood to the sides of the nose.
Superior Labial	supplies blood to the upper lip and the septum.
Lymph Vascular System	the "lymphatic system"; a part of the circulatory system. Made up of 100 lymph nodes which circulate lymph throughout the body.
Lymph	a colorless liquid produced as a by-product of plasma. Delivers nourishment to the capillaries and cells. Filters toxins from the blood. Contains lymphocytes.
Nervous System	the system which coordinates and controls the overall operation of the human body by responding to internal and external stimuli.
Neurology	the study of the nervous system.
The average weight of the human brain	44 to 48 ounces
Cerebrum	the large, rounded structure of the brain that occupies the upper, front part of the cranial cavity. Higher mental functions such as thought, emotion, and memory.
Cerebellum	the "little brain" or the "hind brain"; located in the occipital area below the cerebrum. Regulates motor function, muscle movement, and balance.
Pons	a prominent band of nerve tissue that connects parts of the brain to the spinal column. Located below the cerebrum and in front of the cerebellum.
Medulla Oblongata	Located below the pons and connects parts of the brain to the spinal column. Governs respiration, circulation, swallowing, and other body functions. The most vital part of the brain. Controls breathing and heart function.
Central Nervous System, the Peripheral Nervous System, and the Autonomic Nervous System	the three subsystems which make up the nervous system.
Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves	the primary components of the nervous system.
Central Nervous System	the "cerebrospinal nervous system"; composed of the brain and the spinal cord. Controls all voluntary and involuntary body action.
Spinal Cord	a cord made of long nerve fibers that span from the base of the brain and extend to the base of the spine. Holds 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch out to the muscles, internal organs, and the skin.
Peripheral Nervous System	a part of the nervous system which consists of sensory and motor nerves. Extends from the brain and spinal cord to the voluntary muscles and the surface of the skin. Carries sensory information to the brain from the ears, eyes, nose, and tongue.
Autonomic Nervous System	a part of the central nervous system that controls the respiratory, digestive, circulatory, excretory, endocrine, and reproductive systems. Governs involuntary body functions: breathing, blinking, sweating, and digesting.
Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System	the two parts of the autonomic nervous system.
Sympathetic Nervous System	the part of the autonomic nervous system which accelerates the heart rate, constricts the blood vessels, and raises blood pressure. Responds to the body's physiological status.
Parasympathetic Nervous System	a part of the autonomic nervous system that slows the heart rate, dilates the blood vessels, and lowers blood pressure. Responds to the body stabilizing.
Homeostasis	a state of balance in the body.
Nerve Cell	a "neuron"; possesses a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a membrane. Surrounded by dendrites.
Dendrites	branch-like appendages which surround the ends of neurons. Transfers electrical impulses between adjacent neurons.
Axon	long fibers which connect synapses.
Synapse	the terminal between adjacent dendrites. They relay messages in the form of electrical impulses to neighboring cells. May connect the neuron to muscles, organs, or other neurons.
Reflex Action	the interaction of sensory and motor nerves to create an involuntary muscular movement.
Sensory Nerves	"afferent nerves"; carry messages to the brain and spinal cord. Provides smell, sight, touch, hearing, and taste. Receptors located in papillary dermis.
Motor Nerves	"efferent nerves"; carry messages from the brain to the muscles. Causes voluntary muscular movement.
Sensory-Motor Nerves	large nerves which many branches that can serve different sensory and motor functions.
Cranial Nerves	the twelve pairs of nerves which originate in the brain. Connect the brain to other parts of the body, especially the face, head, and neck. Classified as sensory, motor, or mixed.
Fifth, Seventh, and Eleventh	the nerves which estheticians are primarily interested in.
First	the Olfactory nerve; a sensory nerve which provides the sense of smell.
Second	the Optic Nerve; a sensory nerve which provides the sense of sight.
Third	the Oculomotor Nerve; a motor nerve that allows the eyes to move.
Fourth	the Trochlear Nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the eye.
Fifth	The Trigeminal or Trifacial Nerve; the chief sensory nerve of the face and the largest of the cranial nerves. Provides sensation to the face, tongue, and teeth. Mastication. Divides into the Ophthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular Branches.
Sixth	the Abducent Nerve; a motor nerve with controls the motion of the eye.
Seventh	the Facial Nerve; the chief motor nerve of the face. Controls the motion of the face, scalp, neck, ear, and sections of the palate and tongue.
Eighth	the Acoustic or Auditory Nerve; a sensory nerve which provides hearing.
Ninth	the Glossopharyngeal Nerve; a mixed nerve which provides the sense of taste.
Tenth	the Vagus Nerve; a mixed nerve which controls the motion and sensation of the ear, pharynx, and the pneumogastric (larynx, heart, lungs, and esophagus).
Eleventh	the Accessory Nerve; a mixed nerve that controls the motion of the neck muscles.
Twelfth	the Hypoglossal Nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the tongue.
Ophthalmic Branch	largest branch of the Trifacial Nerve. Located on the top 1/3rd of the face. Divides into the Supraorbital Nerve, the Supratrochlear Nerve, and the Nasal Nerve.
Supraorbital Nerve	a part of the Ophthalmic Branch. Extends to the skin of the upper eyelid, eyebrow, forehead, and scalp.
Supratrochlear Nerve	a part of the Opthalmic Branch. Extends to the tip and lower side of the nose.
Maxillary Branch	a branch of the Trifacial Nerve. Located in the middle 1/3rd of the face and divides into the Zygomatic Nerve and the Infraorbital Nerve.
Zygomatic Nerve	a part of the Maxillary Branch. Extends to the side of the forehead, temple, and upper part of the cheek.
Infraorbital Nerve	a part of the Maxillary Branch. Extends to the lower eyelid and the side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.
Mandibular Branch	a branch of the Trifacial Nerve. The main nerve branch of the lowest 1/3rd of the face. Devides into the Auriculo Temporal Nerve and the Mental Nerve.
Auriculo Temporal Nerve	a part of the Mandibular Branch. Extends to the ear and to the area from the top of the head to the temple.
Mental Nerve	a part of the Mandibular Branch. Extends to the lower lip and chin.
Posterior Auricular	a branch of the Facial Nerve. Extends to the muscles behind and below the ear.
Temporal Branch	a branch of the Facial Nerve. Extends to the muscles of the temple and the sides of the forehead, the eyebrows, the eyelids, and the upper cheek.
Zygomatic Branch	a branch of the Facial Nerve. Extends to the upper muscles of the cheek.
Buccal Branch	a branch of the Facial Nerve. Extends to the muscles of the mouth.
Marginal Mandibular	a branch of the Facial Nerve. Extends to the muscles of the chin and the lower lip.
Cervical Branch	a branch of the Facial Nerve. Extends to the muscles on the side of the neck.
Greater Occipital	a cervical nerve which extends up the back of the scalp to the top of the head.
Lesser Occipital	a cervical nerve which extends to the muscles at the back of the skull.
Greater Auricular	a cervical nerve which extends into the side of the neck and the external ear.
Cervical Cutaneous	a cervical nerve which extends into the side and front of the neck to the breastbone.
Ulnar Nerve	a mixed nerve of the arm. Extends down the little finger side of the arm into the palm of the hand.
Radial Nerve	a mixed nerve of the arm. Extends down the thumb side of the arm into the back of the hand.
Median Nerve	a mixed nerve of the arm. Extends down the mid-forearm into the hand.
Digital Nerve	a mixed nerve of the arm. Extends into the fingers.

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