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Digestion
Health
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Functions of Digestive System | -ingest food -break down food into nutrient molecules -absorb molecules into the bloodstream -rid the body of indigestible remains |
| Alimentary Canal | -continuous muscular digestive tube winding throughout the body -digests and absorbs food particles -contains the following organs: mouth,pharynx,esophagus,stomach,small and large intestines |
| Accessory Digestive Organs | -teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas |
| Digestive Process (6 steps) | 1. Ingestion 2. Propulsion 3. Mechanical digestion 4. Chemical digestion 5. Absorption 6. Defecation |
| Gastric mucosa | mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In humans it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae |
| Gastric submocosa | Surrounding the mucosa is the submucosa layer of the stomach. The submucosa is made up of various connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves. Connective tissues support the tissues of the mucosa and connect it to the muscularis layer |
| Muscularis | with a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae separating it from the submucosa beneath/ The muscularis externa lies beneath the submucosa/smooth muscle; contractions controlled by submucosal plexus |
| Main functions of Salivary Glands | -produces and secretes saliva - cleanses mouth -dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted -moistens food, compacting it into a bolus -begins the chemical breakdown of food *salivary amylase :starch |
| Composition of Saliva | -87-99.5% water -pH 6.75-7.0 -Sodium,potassium,chloride,phosphate, and bicarbonate -Mucin -Salivary Amylase |
| Starch Digestion | begins in mouth |
| Features and Functions of the Stomach | -allows food to mix with gastric juice to produce chyme -Greater and lesser curvatures:connected to greater and lesser omentums -Rugae folds: longitudinal folds in stomach wall/mucous bw folds -muscle layers arranged circularly,longitudinally,obliquely |
| Simple columnar epithelium | contains gastric pits that secrete gastric juices |
| Goblet cells | secrete mucus that coats stomach and prevent it from being digested itself |
| Parietal cells | secrete hydrochloric acid (converts pepsinogen into pepsin) and intrinsic factor (necessary for absorption of vitamin B12) |
| Chief cells | secrete pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin to aid in protein digestion |
| Enteroendocrine cells | release hormones such as: histamine, serotonin, gastrin, endorphins, and somatostatin |
| Features and Functions of the Small Intestine | -receives chyme from stomach; performs majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients |
| Regions of Small Intestines | Duodenum:upper region receiving chyme from stomach & digestive enzymes from pancreas & bile from liver & gallbladder jejunum/Ileum:lower regions where absorption occurs Plicae circulares:permanent folds in mucosa & submocosa that slow movement of chyme |
| Villi | fingerlike projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine/increased surface area will enable more nutrient to tissue contact for maximum absorption |
| Microvilli | tiny projection on the plasma membranes of columnar cells that appear fuzzy (i.e. brush border cells)/produce enzymes that further break down nutrients |
| Microscopic Anatomy of Small Intestine (villi and microvilli) | Lactase breaks down lactose Sucrase breaks down sucrose Aminopeptidase breaks down proteins into amino acids |
| Secretin | released by enteroendocrine cells when acidic chyme enters SI; causes release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juices |
| Somatostatin | slows gastric motility and emptying and inhibits production of gastric secretions |
| Cholecystokinin (CCK) ************************* | released when fatty, protein-rich chyme enters SI; causes release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juices and bile |
| Brush border enzymes | process long peptides, nucleic acids, and sugars into smaller ones |
| Functions of Liver************ | -largest internal organ -filters and processes nutrient-rich blood of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids from intestine -production and regulation of cholesterol -production of bile which emulsifies fats -removes drugs and hormones from circulation |
| Regulation of Bile Production | -bile exists custic duct upon stimulation -CCK released when acidic, fatty chyme enters intestines -causes bladder contraction,pancreatic juice secretion,relaxation of hepatopancreatic sphincter |
| Features and Functions of the Large Intestine | -reabsorption of remaining water and electrolytes -production and absorption of Vitamins B & K -Elimination of feces - diameter is only 7cm but is larger than that of the small intestine |
| Peptic Ulcers | -gasteric and duodenal caused by Helicobacter pylori, NSAIDS, HCl hypersecretion |
| Cirrhosis | scarred liver due to chronic inflammation |
| Hepatitis | liver inflammation: viral, cancer, alcohol |
| Biliary calculi | gall stones- crystals of cholesterol in bile |
| Borborygmus | rumbling noise caused by gas through intestines |
| Cholecustitis | inflammation of gall bladder |
| Colitis | inflammation of colon |
| Dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| Enteritis | inflammation of the intestines flatulance/eructation |
| Deglutition | act of swallowing |
| Peristalsis | the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward. |
Created by:
kthomas96
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