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Body Sys2-Nervous
Medical Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| neur(o)- | refers to the nervous system, or the entire nerve apparatus of the body |
| psych(o)- | means “mind” or “mental” |
| neurology | the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the nervous system |
| psychology | the branch of science that deals with the mind, mental processes, and behavior |
| psychiatry | the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders |
| nervous system | a complex network of tissues that uses chemical and electrical signals to carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body, enabling the system to coordinate the body’s activity in a changing environment |
| neuron | the basic cell of the nervous system; specialized for sending and receiving signals from other neurons |
| dendrite | the part of the neuron that stretches outward and receives signals from neighboring neurons |
| neurotransmitter | a chemical used by a neuron to transmit a signal to another neuron |
| receptor sites | locations on a dendrite that neurotransmitter molecules attach to, resulting in the generation of an action potential |
| axon terminal | the part of a neuron at the opposite end from the dendrite; sends signals to neighboring neurons |
| axon | the long extension that connects a neuron's dendrite with its axon terminal |
| myelin | a protective coating that surrounds and insulates axons to enable them to transmit signals |
| synapse | the small gap between the dendrite of one neuron and the axon terminal of another, across which the neurotransmitter flows to propagate a signal |
| action potential | an electrical signal sent by a neuron down its axon to stimulate the release of neurotransmitter by the axon terminal |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord |
| brain | the control center of the nervous system; occupies the cranial cavity |
| cerebrum | the portion of the brain that controls memory, thought, speech, the senses, and voluntary actions |
| cerebellum | the portion of the brain that controls coordination, muscle tone, and balance |
| skull | the bony covering that protects the brain |
| brain stem | the portion of the brain that controls vital functions and connects the brain with the spinal cord |
| spinal cord | nervous tissue that connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system |
| meninges | a tough, layered protective tissue that surrounds and protects the brain and the spinal cord |
| vertebral column | the flexible bony structure that houses the spinal cord and consists of a series of bones called vertebrae |
| vertebrae | the bones that make up the vertebral column |
| cerebrospinal fluid | a protective fluid that lies between the meninges and the underlying brain or spinal cord |
| corticospinal tract | a tract of neurons that descends from the primary motor cortex, crosses over in the brain stem, and then connects with motor neurons in the spinal cord |
| cranial nerve | a nerve that connects to the central nervous system at the brain rather than at the spinal cord |
| primary motor cortex | the region of the cerebrum that controls the voluntary muscles on the opposite side of the body |
| motor neurons | neurons that carry signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the portion of the nervous system outside the cranial cavity and vertebral canal that runs throughout the body |
| nerve | a large bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system; wrapped in a protective sheath |
| tract | a large bundle of axons in the central nervous system; not wrapped in a protective sheath |
| ganglia | clusters of neurons in the peripheral nervous system |
| plexus | a group of interconnected ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that enable different parts of the PNS to communicate and connect with their target destinations |
| autonomic nervous system | the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the function of organs |
| sensory nervous system | the portion of the peripheral nervous system that gathers sensory information from the body and sends it to the central nervous system |
| sensory neurons | the neurons that collect sensory information and send it to the central nervous system for processing |
| somatic nervous system | the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls skeletal muscles |
| mental health | the state of a person's emotional and psychological well-being; can also refer to a branch of medicine that deals with such well-being; also known as behavioral health |
| anxiety disorder | any of a variety of mental health disorders characterized by excessive worry, physical tension, and often physical symptoms, such as headaches or loss of appetite |
| bipolar disorder | a mental health disorder characterized by cycles of high mood, or mania, followed by periods of depression |
| mania | an abnormally elevated mental state characterized by changes in mood, activity, and energy, such as inflated self-esteem, talkativeness, less need for sleep, racing thoughts, impulsivity, and poor judgment |
| depression | a low mood, characterized by feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, irritability, lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities, and potentially suicidal thoughts |
| addiction | a compulsive dependence on a substance (e.g., drugs or alcohol) or process (e.g., gambling, shopping, or eating), which causes adverse physical, social, or occupational effects |
| withdrawal | a constellation of physical and emotional signs and symptoms that may result when a substance or process to which one is addicted is not available |
| alcohol dependence | a disease characterized by the mental and physical need to consume alcohol, social and occupational impairment, and potentially life-threatening withdrawal |
| alcohol withdrawal | a set of signs and symptoms seen when alcohol is withheld from someone with alcohol dependence; characterized by CNS hyperexcitability, which may include hallucinations, seizures, and death |
Created by:
rleroux
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