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DHO Chapter 7
Anatomy and Physiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| abdominal | anterior body trunk inferior to ribs |
| anatomy | the study of body structure |
| cell | the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms |
| circulatory | System is the transport and delivery system of the body |
| digestive | breaks down food into units that can be absorbed by the body |
| endocrine | the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect |
| excretory | removes waste from the body |
| integumentary | provides a protective barrier for the body, contains sensory receptors for pain, touch, temperature |
| lymphatic | returns fluid to cardiovascular system, detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms. |
| muscular | moves bones and maintains posture |
| nervous | controls cell function with electrical signals |
| organ | a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body |
| physiology | the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms |
| reproductive | producing new life or offspring |
| respiratory | adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood. |
| skeletal | protects major organs, provides levers and support for body movement |
| system | a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts |
| thoracic | pertaining to the chest |
| tissue | a part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function |
| urinary | of or relating to the function or production or secretion of urine |
| cell membrane | Outer, protective, semipermeable covering of a cell |
| centrosome | That area of cell cytoplasm that contains two centrioles; important in reproduction of the cell |
| chromatin | that structure in the nucleus of a cell that contains chromosomes with genes, which carry inherited characteristics |
| connective tissue | body tissue that connects, supports, or binds body organs |
| cytoplasm | the fluid inside a cell; contains water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and salts |
| dehydration | insufficient amounts of fluid in the tissues |
| edema | swelling; excess amount of fluid in the tissues |
| endoplasmic reticulum | fine network of tubular structures in the cytoplasm of a cell; allows for the transport of materials in and out of the nucleus and aids in the synthesis and storage of protein |
| epithelial tissue | tissue that forms the skin and parts of the secreting glands, and that lines the body cavities |
| Golgi apparatus | that structure in the cytoplasm of a cell that produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell |
| lysosomes | those structures in the cytoplasm of a cell that contain digestive enzymes to digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign matter. |
| meiosis | the process of cell division that occurs in gametes, or sex cells |
| mitochondria | those structures in a cell that provide energy and are involved in the metabolism of the cell |
| mitosis | process of asexual reproduction by which cells divide into two identical cells |
| muscle tissue | body tissue composed of fibers that produce movement |
| nerve tissue | body tissue that conducts or transmits impulses throughout the body |
| nucleolus | the spherical body in the nucleus of a cell that is important in reproduction of the cell |
| nucleus | the structure in a cell that controls cell activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction |
| organelles | structures in the cytoplasm of a cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus |
| pathophysiology | Study of biological and physical manifestation of disease |
| pinocytic vesicles | pocket like folds found in the cell membrane, allowe large molecules such as proteins and fat to enter the cell |
| protoplasm | thick, viscous substance that is the physical basis of all living things |
| abdominal cavity | space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen |
| abdominal regions | right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant, and right lower quadrant |
| anterior | before or in front of |
| body cavities | Spaces within the body that contain vital organs. |
| body planes | reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts |
| caudal | pertaining to any tail or tail-like structure |
| cranial | pertaining to the skull |
| cranial cavity | Contains the brain |
| distal | most distant or farthest from the trunk; center or middle |
| dorsal | pertaining to the back; in back of |
| dorsal cavity | cavity along the posterior side of the body made of the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity |
| frontal plane | vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions |
| inferior | below; under |
| lateral | pertaining to the side |
| medial | pertaining to the middle or midline |
| midsagittal plane | an imaginary lien drawn down the midline of the body to divide the body into a right side and a left side |
| pelvic cavity | the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera |
| posterior | toward the back; behind |
| proximal | closest to the point of attachment or area of reference |
| spinal cavity | contains the spinal cord |
| superior | above, on top of, or higher than |
| thoracic cavity | contains the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart |
| transverse plane | imaginary line drawn through the body to separate the body into a top half and a bottom half |
| ventral | pertaining to the front, or anterior, part of the body; in front of |
| ventral cavity | contains the structures within the chest and abdomen |
| constrict | to contract or narrow; to make smaller |
| crusts | a scab; outer covering or coat |
| cyanosis | bluish color of the skin, nail beds, and/or lips due to an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood |
| dermis | the skin |
| dilate | enlarge or expand; to make bigger |
| epidermis | the outer layer of the skin |
| erythema | redness of the skin |
| integumentary | pertaining to the skin or a covering |
| jaundice | yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes, frequently caused by liver or gallbladder disease |
| macules | a discolored but neither raised nor depressed spot or area on the skin |
| papules | solid, elevated spot or area on the skin |
| pustules | small, elevated, pus- or lymph-filled area of the skin |
| sebaceous glands | oil-secreting gland of the skin |
| subcutaneous fascia | layer of tissue that is under the skin and connects the skin to muscles and underlying tissues |
| sudoriferous glands | sweat-secreting gland of the skin |
| vesicles | blister; a sac full of water or tissue fluid |
| wheals | itchy, elevated areas with an irregular shape; insect bites and hives |
| appendicular skeleton | the bones that form the limbs or extremities of the body |
| axial skeleton | the bones of the skill, rib cage, and spinal column; the bones that form the trunk of the body |
| carpals | bone of the wrist |
| clavicles | collarbone |
| diaphysis | the shaft, or middle section, of a long bone |
| endosteum | membrane lining the medullary canal of a bone |
| femur | thigh bone of the leg; the longest and strongest bone in the body |
| fibula | outer and smaller bone of the lower leg |
| fontanels | a soft, membrane-covered space between the bones at the front and the back of a newborn's skull |
| foramina | a passage or opening; a hole in a bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass |
| humerus | long bone of the upper arm |
| ligaments | fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
| medullary canal | inner, or central, portion of a long bone |
| metacarpals | bone of the hand between the wrist and each finger |
| metatarsals | bone of the foot between the instep and each toe |
| os coxae | the hipbone; formed by the union of the ilium, ischium, and pubis |
| patella | the kneecap |
| periosteum | fibrous membrane that covers the bones except at joint areas |
| phalanges | bones of the fingers and toes |
| radius | long bone of the forearm, between the wrist and elbow |
| red marrow | soft tissue in the epiphyses of long bones |
| scapula | shoulder blade or bone |
| tarsals | one of seven bones that forms the instep of the foot |
| tibia | inner and larger bone of the lower leg, between the knee and ankle |
| ulna | long bone in the forearm, between the wrist and elbow |
| vertebrae | bones of the spinal column |
| yellow marrow | soft tissue in the diaphyses of long bones |
| abduction | movement away from the midline |
| adduction | movement towards the midline |
| cardiac muscle | Striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart |
| contractability | the ability to shorten forcibly |
| contracture | tightening or shortening of a muscle |
| elasticity | the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed |
| excitability | ability to respond to stimuli |
| extensibility | ability to be stretched |
| extension | increasing the angle between two parts; straightening a limb |
| fascia | fibrous membrane covering, supporting, and separating muscles |
| flexion | decreasing the angle between two parts; bending a limb |
| insertion | end or area of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts |
| involuntary | independent action not controlled by choice or desire |
| muscle tone | state of partial muscle contraction providing a state of readiness to act |
| origin | end or area of a muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts |
| rotation | movement around a central axis; a turning |
| skeletal muscle | Vouluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs and is attatched to bones by tendons |
| tendons | fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bones |
| visceral muscle | muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle |
| voluntary | under one's control; done by one's choice or desire |
| aortic valve | flap or cusp located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta |
| arteries | blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| blood | fluid that circulates through the vessels in the body to carry substances to all body parts |
| capillaries | blood vessel that connects arterioles and venues and allows for exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and the body cells |
| diastole | period of relaxation of the heart |
| endocardium | serous membrane lining of the heart |
| erythrocytes | red blood cell |
| hemoglobin | the iron-containing pigment of the red blood cells; serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues |
| left atrium | the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins |
| left ventricle | pumps oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body |
| leukocytes | white blood cell |
| mitral valve | flap or cusp between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart |
| myocardium | muscle layer of the heart |
| pericardium | membrane sac that covers the outside of the heart |
| plasma | liquid portion of the blood |
| pulmonary valve | flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery |
| right atrium | the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus |
| right ventricle | the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk |
| septum | membranous wall that divides to cavities |
| systole | period of work, or contraction, of the heart |
| thrombocytes | also called a platelet; blood cell required for clotting of the blood |
| tricuspid valve | flap or cusp between the right atrium and right ventricle in the heart |
| veins | blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart |
| cisterna chyli | an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system |
| lymph | a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle |
| lymph nodes | many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions |
| lymphatic capillaries | microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body |
| lymphatic vessels | large vessels with valves, which collect and carry lymph to lymph nodes |
| right lymphatic duct | collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm; empties into the right subclavian vein |
| spleen | a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm |
| thoracic duct | the major duct of the lymphatic system |
| thymus | a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity |
| tonsils | mass of lymphatic tissue found in the pharynx and mouth |
| autonomic nervous system | that division of the nervous system concerned with reflex, or involuntary, activities of the body |
| brain | soft mass of nerve tissue inside the cranium |
| central nervous system | the division of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebellum | the section of the brain that is dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata; maintains balance and equilibrium |
| cerebrospinal fluid | watery, clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrum | largest section of brain; involved in sensory interpretation and voluntary muscle activity |
| diencephalon | the section of the brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains the thalamus and hypothalamus |
| hypothalamus | that structure in the diencephalon of brain that regulates and controls many body functions |
| medulla oblongata | the lower part of the brain stem; controls vital processes such as respiration and heartbeat |
| meninges | membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord |
| midbrain | that portion of the brain that connects the pons and cerebellum; relay center for impulses |
| nerves | group of nerve tissues that conducts impulses |
| neuron | nerve cell |
| parasympathetic | a division of the autonomic nervous system |
| peripheral nervous system | the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord |
| pons | that portion of the brain stem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain |
| spinal cord | a column of nervous tissue extending from the medulla oblongata of the brain to the second lumbar vertebra in vertebral column |
| sympathetic | that divisions of the autonomic nervous system that allows the body to respond to emergencies and stress; also, to understand and attempt to solve the problems of another |
| thalamus | that structure in the diencephalon of the brain that acts as a relay center to direct sensory impulse to the cerebrum |
| ventricles | one of two lower chambers of the heart; also, a cavity in the brain |
| aqueous humor | watery liquid that circulates in the anterior chamber of the eye |
| auditory canal | either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane |
| auricle | also called the pinna, external part of the ear |
| choroid coat | a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera |
| cochlea | snail-shaped section of the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti, for hearing |
| conjunctiva | mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera of the eye |
| cornea | the transparent section of the sclera; allows light rays to enter to eye |
| eustachian tube | tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx, or throat |
| iris | colored portion of the eye; composed of muscular, or contractile, tissue that regulates the size of the pupil |
| lacrimal glands | it produce tears; it constantly moisten and cleanse the eye |
| lens | crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil of the eye; refracts or bends light rays onto the retina; also, the magnifying glass in a microscope |
| organ of Corti | structure in the cochlea of the ear; organ of hearing |
| ossicles | small bones, especially the three bones of the middle ear that amplify and transmit sound waves |
| pinna | also called the auricle; external portion of the ear |
| pupil | opening or hole in the center of the iris of the eye; allows light to enter the eye |
| refracts | breaks; forces back; bends as in bending a ray of light |
| retina | the sensory membrane that lines the eye and is the immediate instrument of vision |
| sclera | white outer coat of the eye |
| semicircular canals | structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium |
| tympanic membrane | the eardrum |
| vestibule | small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal |
| vitreous humor | jellylike mass that fills the cavity of the eyeball, behind the lens |
| alveoli | microscopic air sacs in the lungs |
| bronchi | two main branches of the trachea; air tubes to and from the lungs |
| bronchioles | small branches of the bronchi; carry air in the lungs |
| cilia | hairlike projections |
| epiglottis | leaf-shaped structure that closes over the larynx during swallowing |
| expiration | the expulsion of air from the lungs; breathing out air |
| inspiration | breathing in; taking air into the lungs |
| larynx | voice box, located between the pharynx and trachea |
| lungs | organ of respiration located in the thoracic cavity |
| nasal cavities | space between the cranium and the roof of the mouth |
| nasal septum | bony and cartilaginous partition that separates the nasal cavity into two sections |
| nose | the projection in the center of the face; the organ for smelling and breathing |
| pharynx | the throat |
| respiration | the process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide by way of the lungs and air passages |
| sinuses | cavity or air space in a bone |
| tracheae | windpipe; air tube from the larynx to the bronchi |
| ventilation | the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation |
| alimentary canal | the digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum |
| anus | external opening of the anal canal, or rectum |
| colon | the large intestine |
| duodenum | first part of the small intestine; connects the pylorus of the stomach and the jejunum |
| esophagus | tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach |
| gallbladder | small sac near the liver; concentrates and stores bile |
| hard palate | bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth |
| ileum | final section of small intestine; connects the jejunum and large intestine |
| jejunum | the middle section of the small intestine; connects the duodenum and ileum |
| large intestine | the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body |
| liver | largest gland in the body; located in the URQ of the abdomen; two of its main functions are excreting bile and storing glycogen |
| mouth | oral cavity; opening the digestive tract, or alimentary canal |
| pancreas | gland that is dorsal to the stomach and that secretes insulin and digestive juices |
| peristalsis | rhythmic, wavelike motion of involuntary muscles |
| pharynx | the throat |
| rectum | The last part of the digestive tract, through which stools are eliminated |
| salivary glands | glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion |
| small intestine | that section of the intestine that is between the stomach and large intestine; site of most absorption of nutrients |
| soft palate | tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth; separates the mouth from the nasopharynx |
| stomach | enlarged section of the alimentary canal, between the esophagus and the small intestine; serves as an organ of digestion |
| teeth | hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating food |
| tongue | muscular organ of the mouth; aids in speech, swallowing, and taste |
| vermiform appendix | a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch |
| villi | tiny projections from a surface; in the small intestine, projections that aid in the absorption of nutrients |
| bladder | membranous sac or storage area for a secretion; also, the vesicle that acts as the reservoir for urine |
| Bowman's capsule | part of the renal corpuscle in the kidney; picks up substances filtered from the blood by glomerulus |
| cortex | the outer layer of an organ or structure |
| glomerulus | microscopic cluster of capillaries in Bowman;s capsule of the nephron in the kidney |
| kidneys | bean-shaped organ that excretes urine; located high and in back of the abdominal cavity |
| medulla | inner, or central, portion of an organ |
| nephrons | structural and functional unit of the kidney |
| ureters | tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urethra | tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body |
| urinary meatus | external opening of the urethra |
| urine | the fluid excreted by the kidney |
| adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |
| endocrine | ductless gland that produces an internal secretion discharged into the blood or lymph |
| hormones | chemical substance secreted by an organ or gland |
| ovaries | endocrine gland or gonad that produces hormones and the female sex cell, or ovum |
| pancreas | gland that is dorsal to the stomach and that secretes insulin and digestive juices |
| parathyroid glands | one of four small glands located on the thyroid gland; regulated calcium and phosphorus |
| pineal body | a small endocrine gland in the brain |
| pituitary gland | small, rounded endocrine gland at the base of the brain; regulates function of other endocrine glands and body processes |
| placenta | temporary endocrine gland at the base of the brain; regulates function of other endocrine glands and body processes |
| testes | gonads or endocrine glands that are located in the scrotum of the male and that produce sperm and male hormones |
| thymus | organ in the upper part of the chest, lymphatic tissue, and endocrine gland that atrophies at puberty |
| thyroid gland | endocrine gland that is located in the next and regulars body metabolism |
| Bartholin's glands | two small mucous glands near the vaginal opening |
| breasts | mammary, or milk, gland located on the upper part of the front surface of the body |
| Cowper's glands | the pair of small mucous glands near the male urethra |
| ejaculatory ducts | in the male, duct or tube from the seminal vesicle to the urethra |
| endometrium | mucous membrane lining of the inner surface of the uterus |
| epididymis | tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens |
| fallopian tubes | oviducts; in the female, passageway for the ova from the ovary to uterus |
| fertilization | conception; impregnation of the ovum by the sperm |
| labia majora | two large folds of adipose tissue lying on each side of the vulva in the female |
| labia minora | two folds of membrane lying inside the labia majora |
| penis | external sex organ of the male |
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