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Crim Ch5 Vocab
vocab for chapter 5 - trait theory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Trait Theory | the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits |
| Sociobiology | the view that human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve the species |
| Hypoglycemia | a condition that occurs when glucose (sugar) in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning |
| Androgens | male sex hormones |
| Testosterone | the principal male hormone |
| Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | condition, postulated by some theorists, wherein several days before and during menstruation, excessive amounts of female sex hormones stimulate antisocial, aggressive behavior |
| Neurophysiology | the study of brain activity |
| Conduct Disorder (CD) | a pattern of repetitive behavior in which the rights of others or social norms are violated |
| Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, along with impulsivity and hyperactivity |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical compounds that influence or activate brain functions |
| Arousal Theory | the view that people seek to maintain a preferred level of arousal but vary in how they process sensory input. A need for high levels of environmental stimulation may lead to aggressive, violent behavior patterns |
| Monozygotic twins | Identical twins |
| Dizygotic twins | Fraternal twins |
| Contagion effect | people become deviant when they are influenced by others with whom they are in close contact |
| Psychodynamic Theory | theory, originated by Freud, that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes that develop early in childhood and involve the interaction of the id, ego, and superego |
| id | the primitive part of people's mental makeup, present at birth, that represents unconscious biological drives for food, sex, and other life-sustaining necessities. the id seeks instant gratification without concern for the rights of others |
| ego | the part of the personality developed in early childhood that helps control the id and keep people's actions within the boundaries of social convention |
| superego | incorporation within the personality of the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others |
| Attachment Theory | Bowlby's theory that being able to form an emotional bond to another person is an important aspect of mental health throughout the life span |
| Behavior Theory | the view that all human behavior is learned through a process of social reinforcement (rewards and punishment) |
| Social Learning Theory | the view that people learn to be aggressive by observing others acting aggressively to achieve some goal or being rewarded for violent acts |
| Behavior Modeling | the process of learning behavior (notably, aggression) by observing others. aggressive models may be parents, criminals in the neighborhood, or characters on TV or in movies |
| Cognitive Theory | psychological perspective that focuses on the mental processes by which people perceive and represent the world around them and solve problems |
| Information-Processing Theory | theory that focuses on how people process, store, encode, retrieve, and manipulate information to make decisions and solve problems |
| Personality | the reasonably stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions, that distinguish one person from another |
| Antisocial Personality | combination of traits, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, hedonism, and inability to empathize with others, that make a person prone to deviant behavior and violence; also referred to as sociopathic or psychopathic personality |
| Nature Theory | the view that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior |
| Nurture Theory | the view that intelligence is not inherited by is largely a product of environment. low IQ scores do not cause crime but may result from the same environmental factors |
| Mood Disorder | a condition in which the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances |
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) | a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior, during which a child often loses his or her temper, often argues with adults, and often actively defies or refuses to comply with adlts' requests or rules |
| Schizophrenia | a severe disorder marked by hearing nonexistent voices, seeing hallucinations, and exhibiting inappropriate responses |
| Bipolar Disorder | an emotional disturbance in which moods alternate between periods of wild elation and deep depression |
| Primary Prevention Programs | programs, such as substance abuse clinics and mental health associations, that seek to treat personal problems before they manifest themselves as crime |
| Secondary Prevention Programs | programs that provide treatment, such as psychological counseling, to youths and adults after they have violated the law |
Created by:
nracine14
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