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Health 9A
Test I
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| placebo | a substance with no active ingredients that may still have an effect on the user because of expectation. |
| double blind study | when both groups in a study (control group and experimental group) don’t know if they are getting the drug (treatment) or a placebo and neither does the tester. |
| patent | only the company that develops the drug is allowed to manufacture, market and make money from it for a period of time |
| Generic | Name given by researching company to reflect the drug’s chemical makeup |
| Brand | TRADE name given to a drug by the researching company |
| Prescription | doctor's permission required |
| over the counter | no prescription needed |
| How does a patent protect the drug company? | It gives the company time to make a profit. |
| How does a patent protect consumers? | It keeps drug companies in business and motivates them to research new drugs that may benefit us. |
| For a drug to be approved, what are some of the necessary key findings? | 1. The experimental group (real drug) must have greater benefits from the medicine than the control group (placebo). 2. The benefits must outweigh the risks. |
| Food and Drug Administration | The organization that oversees the testing, manufacturing, packaging and labeling of most foods and drugs in the United States. |
| What are some of the reasons the FDA has made some mistakes in the past? | 1. There are never enough people in a study to see all of the side effects of a drug. 2. The side effects take years to develop…more years than it was researched. |
| FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
| Placebo effect | When a drug “works” due to expectation…because the person believes it is doing what it is intended to do. Example: Hysterical Pregnancy |
| Are there any OTC drugs in the U.S. that used to be prescription? | yes |
| What is some information one can find about an OTC drug by reading the box it comes in? | brand name, generic name, active ingredients, inactive ingredients, strength, dosage, uses, warnings, side effects, directions |
| Why can we be confident in most cases that generic drugs are as good as brand? | Generic drugs have to prove that they are just as EFFECTIVE and SAFE as the brand drug in order to be approved by the FDA. |
| stimulants | speed up |
| depressants | slow down |
| hallucinogens | cause hallucinations |
| opiates/opioids | kills pain and slows down |
| inhalants | cause disorientation |
| What are the 5 main drug classification discussed in class? | stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, inhalants, opiates (opioids) |
| drug high | use of drugs to feel pleasure |
| List some effects of methamphetamines. | Makes people feel like they can do anything, feel brave, decreases appetite, increases energy, decreases fatigue delusions, hallucinations…Meth Bugs, confident, effects judgment, paranoia, Faces of Meth…body wasting away |
| List some other effects of methamphetamines. | Feel euphoric, feel strong, altered reality, increased heart rate…overheated, get hyper, brain damage, tooth loss (rotting teeth)…Meth Mouth |
| How are methamphetamines classified? | 1. Stimulants (speeds up) 2. Hallucinogen (hallucinations) |
| How many times more powerful are methamphetamines than any natural high? | 6 times |
| natural high | comes from any activity that makes you feel good, but doesn't involve drugs |
| How many times more powerful are methamphetamines than cocaine? | 3 ½ times |
| How are methamphetamines taken into the body? | Snort, Swallow, IV, Smoke |
| Are methamphetamines expensive compared to other street drugs? | No |
| How long can a methamphetamine high last? | 12 hours |
| Most methamphetamine use (60%) is in what part of the world? | Asia |
| Why do some bosses in the Tai work culture give methamphetamines to their workers? | The effects of meth...Allow them to work harder and longer hours…increased production (stay awake, more energy, reduced hunger) |
| Methamphetamines go to the receptor sites causing more release of what? | Dopamine |
| What eventually happens to the meth. receptor sites after they become overloaded? | They are so tired that they shut down and stop working. |
| When the receptors shut down due to overload, what happens to future highs? | Reduced effect, users need more to get closer to the same effect |
| The new meth. molecule is very similar to the _________________ structure | Dopamine |
| The new meth. molecule is very similar to the dopamine structure which tricks the body into releasing more ____________________. | dopamine |
| alcohol is classified as a(n) | depressant |
| nicotine is classified as a(n) | stimulant |
| What is the part of a neuron that directs the electrical impulse (action potential) down the axon? | cell body/nucleus |
| What is the part of a neuron that directs the electrical impulse (action potential) in to the axon branches | axon |
| What is the part of a neuron that receives electrical impulses from other neurons? | dendrites |
| What is the part of a neuron that sends messages directly into the axon terminals? | axon branches |
| What do the axon terminals contain? | vesicles |
| What do the vesicles contain? | neurotransmitters |
| What forces the vesicles to the edge of the axon terminals? | electrical impulses (action potential) |
| What happens after the vesicles are forced to the edge of the axon terminals? | neurotransmitters are released into the synapse |
| What is the synapse? | the gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron |
| What happens to the neurotransmitters when they are released into the synapse? | Some pair with the receptor sites of the postsynaptic neurons, some go back into the vesicles of the presynaptic neuron and others die off. |
| What happens when neurotransmitters bind with receptor sites? | the message/action is interpreted/performed |
| Before the messages can be passed down the dendrites of a postsynaptic neuron, what must happen? | The chemical message is converted back to electrical |
| What is the entire process the neurotransmitter goes through? | neurotransmission |
| Here are some factors that affect the way a person reacts to drugs. | person's age, weight, gender, what drug it is, tolerance, mental state, allergies, temperature of the drug, physical health status and how it is taken into the body |
| List 2 factors that do not affect the way a person reacts to drugs. | height and blood type |
| List some ways to get high naturally. | laughing/comedy, music, holidays, success, compliments, pets, games, amusement park rides, completing a difficult task, being with friends, etc. |
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slsoucy
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