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EPI Module 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pre-pathogenesis | the stage that occurs before the onset of the disease. The agent, or exposure, that causes disease has yet to interact with the host, or person who gets the disease. |
| Example of pre-pathogenesis | in an infectious disease like AIDS this stage is before HIV enters the body. In lung cancer this stage is before an exposure, like cigarettes. |
| pathogenesis | the biologic onset of disease |
| Examples of pre-pathogenesis | as AIDS begins to develop in the human body, after HIV infection, or as the cancer begins to grow in the lungs, after exposure to the cancer-causing agents in cigarettes |
| incubation period | asymptomatic; before symptoms appear in an infectious disease |
| Latency period | asymptomatic; before symptoms appear in a chronic disease |
| sub-clinical | Before symptoms of a disease appear |
| clinical | when the disease symptoms appear |
| Final endpoints for the progression of disease | recovery, disability, or death |
| Stages of pathogenesis | onset, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment |
| primary prevention activities | activities that occur before the biological onset of the disease, during the pre-pathogenesis stage of disease progression |
| Active interventions | activities typically directed at the person and require “active” behavior change on their part. |
| Passive interventions | actions typically directed at the environment to, in turn, facilitate “passive” changes to behavior |
| How are primary prevention activities designed? | They are designed to prevent exposure to the agent, or risk factor, that causes disease |
| Secondary prevention activities | these are designed to hinder the progress of disease. These activities occur after exposure has occurred – after the onset of disease |
| Secondary prevention approaches to intervention | are typically aimed at improving, or hastening, the diagnosis of a disease |
| tertiary prevention activities | These activities occur after diagnosis of the disease and are typically meant to prevent, limit, and/or alleviate disability from disease. These activities seek to maximize a person’s health, once diagnosed. |
| What are the two types of epidemiology? | Descriptive epidemiology and Analytic epidemiology |
| Descriptive epidemiology | This describes the distribution of disease. Key variables include person, place, time |
| Analytic epidemiology | This describe the determinants of disease. Key variables are host, agent, environment |
| three main objectives of descriptive epi | To permit evaluation of trends in disease and compare across sub-groups,To provide a sound basis for provision and evaluation of health services, To identify problems to be studied by further analytic methods |
| Short version of the three main objectives of descriptive epi | monitor known disease, identify new disease, planning, generate hypotheses |
| Epidemiologic descriptions focus on three key variables | person, place and time |
| Person | Age, Gender, Race |
| Place | Between countries, Within countries, Urbanicity |
| Time | Point, Secular, Seasonal |
| Count | (a),number of cases of a disease. ex 50 students who smoke cigarettes. It cannot tell us how large a problem a particular disease or other health problem is, relative to the size of the population. |
| Proportion | (a / a+b), proportion of population with disease ex. 50/100 or 50% school smokes cigarettes. Proportions are represented as percentages |
| Rate | (a / a+b ; includes time), is a proportion that includes, or is specific to, some measure of time. includes prevalence rate, incidence rate Ex. 261.7 per 100,000 persons in 2006 |
| Ratio | (c / d), is a more general form of a proportion or a rate and is simply defined as a one number divided by another. includes rate ratio, odds ratio, “relative risk”Ex. used routinely in analytic epidemiology |
| Measures of frequency used most often in epidemiology typically fall into two broad categories | prevalence and incidence |
| Prevalence | the proportion of a certain population that is affected by a disease, or other health phenomenon, at a particular point in time, indicates the extent of a public health problem focuses primarily on existing cases of disease |
| Two types of prevalence | point prevalence and period prevalence |
| Incidence rates | can be helpful in indicating emerging epidemic, focuses solely on new (incident) cases of disease |
| Two types of incidence | cumulative incidence, incidence density |
| Point prevalence | (a / a+b; time?), a = number of existing cases of disease, a + b = total number of people in population at a particular point in time (e.g., Jan 1, 2008) |
| Period prevalence | (a / a+b; time), a = number of existing and new cases, a + b = average number of people in population over a period of time (e.g., Jan 1-Dec 31, 2008) |
| Cumulative incidence | (a / a+b; time); a = number of new cases of disease, a + b = total number of people at-risk over a period of time (e.g., Jan 1-Dec 31, 2008) |
| Incidence density | (a / a+b; time); a = number of new cases of disease, a + b = total number of person-years at-risk over a period of time (e.g., Jan 1-Dec 31, 2008) |
| Prevalence calculation | Prevalence = Incidence x Duration |
Created by:
audrey90
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