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Chapters 9-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atheroscelrosis | Buildup of plaque on the inner walls of arteries |
| Cardiac muscle | Specialized muscle tissue that forms the middle (muscular) layer of the heart wall |
| Cerebrovascular occlusions | Blockages to arteries supplying blood to the cerebral cortex of the brain; strokes |
| Computed axial tomography (CT) scan | An x-ray procedure designed to illustrate structures within the body that would not normally be seen through conventional x-ray procedures |
| Congestive heart failure | Inability of the heart to pump out all the blood that returns to it; can lead to dangerous fluid accumulations in veins, lungs, and kidneys |
| Coronary arteries | Vessels that supply oxygenated blood to heart muscle tissues |
| Coronary artery bypass surgery | Surgical procedure designed to improve blood flow to the heart by providing new routes for blood to take around points of blockages |
| Diastolic pressure | Blood pressure against blood vessel walls when the heart relaxes |
| High density lipoprotein (HDL) | The type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver, where it is eventually removed from the body; high levels HDL are related to a reduction in heart disease |
| Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | The type of lipoprotein that transports the largest amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream; high levels of LDL are related to heart disease |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan | An imaging procedure that uses a powerful magnet to generate images of body tissues |
| Murmur | An atypical heart sound that suggests a backwashing of blood into a chamber of the heart from which it has just left |
| Myocardial infarction | Heart attack; the death of part of the heart muscle as a result of a blockage in one of the coronary arteries |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) | Any of a group of procedures used to treat patients suffering from an obstruction in an artery; typically involves inserting a slender balloon-tipped tube into an artery of the heart |
| Peripheral artery disease (PAD) | Atherosclerotic blockages that occur in arteries that supply blood to the legs and arms |
| Retinal hemorrhage | Uncontrolled bleeding from arteries within the eye's retina |
| Rheumatic heart disease | Chronic damage to the heart (especially heart valves) resulting from a streptococcal infection within the heart; a complication associated with rheumatic fever |
| Salt sensitive | Term used to describe people whose bodies overreact to the presence of sodium by retaining fluid and thus experience an increase in blood pressure |
| Stent | A device inserted inside a coronary artery during a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to prevent the artery from narrowing at that site |
| Systolic pressure | Blood pressure against blood vessels walls when the heart contracts |
| Thorax | The chest; portion of the torso above the diaphragm and within the rib cage |
| Transient ischemic attack (TIA) | Strokelike symptoms caused by temporary spasm of cerebral blood vessels |
| Alzheimer's disease | Gradual development of memory loss, confusion, and loss of reasoning; eventually leads to total intellectual incapacitation, brain degeneration, and death |
| Autoimmune | An immune response against the tissues of a person's own body |
| Benign | Noncancerous; localized nonmalignant tumors contained within a fibrous membrane |
| Chemoprevention | Cancer prevention using food, food supplements, and medications thought to bolster the immune system and reduce the damage by carcinogens |
| Colonoscopy | Examination of the entire length of the colon, using a flexible fiber-optic scope to inspect the structure's inner lining |
| Fistula | An open pathway between the gastrointestinal wall and other internal organs; often caused by Crohn's disease |
| Gail score | A numerical expression of the risk of developing invasive breast cancer, based on several variable such as age at first menstrual period, age at first live birth, results of biopsies, family history. 1.66% reflects high level of risk |
| Gait | Pattern of walking |
| Genetic predisposition | An inherited tendency to develop a disease process if necessary environmental factors exist |
| In vitro | Outside the living body, in an artificial environment |
| Insulin | A pancreatic hormone required by the body for the effective metabolism of glucose (blood sugar) |
| Metastasis | The spread of cancerous cells from their site of origin to other areas of the body |
| Oncogenes | Faulty regulatory genes that are believed to activate the development of cancer |
| Pap test | A cancer screening procedure in which cells are removed from the cervix and examined for precancerous changes |
| Prophylactic mastectomy | Surgical removal of the breast to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk of developing the disease |
| Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test | A blood test used to identify prostate-specific antigen, an early indicator that the immune system has recognized and mounted a defense against prostate cancer |
| Proto-onocogenes | Normal regulatory genes that may become oncogenes |
| Regulatory genes | Genes that control cell specialization, replication, DNA repair, and tumor suppression |
| Sclerotic changes | Thickening or hardening of tissues |
| Sigmoidoscopy | Examination of the sigmoid colon (lowest section of the large intestine), using a short, flexible fiber-optic scope |
| Tumor | Mass of cells; may be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign) |
| Acquired immunity (AI) | A form of immunity resulting from exposure to foreign protein (most often wild, weakened, or killed pathogenic organisms) |
| Acute rhinitis | The common cold; the sudden onset of nasal inflammation |
| Agent | The casual pathogen of a particular disease |
| Antibodies | Chemical compounds produced by the body's immune system to destroy antigens and their toxins |
| Artificially acquired immunity (AAI) | A type of acquired immunity resulting from the body's response to pathogens introduced into the body through immunizations |
| Cell-mediated immunity | Immunity provided principally by the immune system's T cells, both working alone and in combination with highly specialized B cells; also called T cell-mediated immunity |
| Chlamydia | The most prevalent sexually transmitted disease; caused by an nongonococcal bacterium |
| Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) | An illness that causes sever exhaustion, fatigue, aches, and depression; mostly affects women in their 40s and 50s |
| Epidemic | A highly significant increase in the number of cases of an infectious illness existing within the same time period in a given geographical area |
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) | Sexually transmitted viruses, some of which are capable of causing precancerous changes in the cervix; causative agent for genital warts |
| Humoral immunity | Immunity responsible for the production of critically important immune system elements known as antibodies; also called B cell-mediated immunity |
| Immune system | The system of cellular and chemical elements that protects the body from invading pathogens, foreign protein, and abnormal cells |
| Lyme disease | A bacterial infection transmitted by deer ticks |
| Mononucleosis (mono) | A viral infection characterized by weakness, fatigue, swollen glands, sore throat, and lowgrade fever |
| Naturally acquired immunity (NAI) | A type of acquired immunity resulting from the body's response to naturally occurring pathogens |
| Pandemic | An epidemic that has crossed national boundaries, thus achieving regional or international status (HIV/AIDS is a pandemic) |
| Passively acquired immunity (PAI) | A temporary immunity achieved by providing antibodies to a person exposed to a particular pathogen |
| Pathogen | A disease-causing agent |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | An acute or chronic infection of the peritoneum or lining of the abdominopelvic cavity and fallopian tubes; associated with a variety of symptoms or none at all and a potential cause of sterility |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum, or lining of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) | Infectious diseases that are spread primarily through intimate sexual contact |
| Shingles | Painful fluid-filled skin eruptions along with underlying sensory nerve pathways-due to reactivation of oncesequestered herpes zoster (chicken pox) viruses |
| Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) | A potentially fatal condition caused by the proliferation of certain bacteria in the vagina that enter the general blood circulation |
| Urethra | The passageway through which urine leaves the urinary bladder |
| Virulent | Capable of causing disease |
| Anal intercourse | A sexual act in which the erect penis is inserted into the rectum of a partner |
| Anovulatory | Not ovulating |
| Biological sexulaity | Male and female aspects of sexuality |
| Cohabitation | Sharing of a residence by two unrelated, unmarried people; living together |
| Coitus | Penile-vaginal intercourse |
| Corpus luteum | Cellular remnant of the graafian follicle after the release of an ovum |
| Cunnilingus | Oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris |
| Dysmenorrhea | Abdominal pain caused by muscular cramping during the menstrual cycle |
| Erection | The engorgement of erectile tissue with blood; characteristic of the penis, clitoris, nipples, labia minora, and scrotum |
| Erotic dreams | Dreams whose content elicits a sexual response |
| Excitement stage | Initial arousal stage of the sexual response pattern |
| Fellatio | Oral stimulation of the penis |
| Femininity | Behavioral expressions traditionally observed in females |
| Flaccid | Nonerect; the state of erectile tissue when vasocongestion is not occurring |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | A gonadotropic hormone required for initial development of ova (in the female) and sperm (in the male) |
| Foreplay | Activities, often involving touching and caressing, that prepare individuals for sexual intercourse |
| Gender | General term reflecting a biological basis of sexuality; the male gender or the female gender |
| Gender adoption | Lengthy process of learning the behavior that is traditional for one's gender |
| Gender identification | Achievement of a personally satisfying interpretation of one's masculinity or femininity |
| Gender identity | Recognition of one's gender |
| Gender preference | Emotional and intellectual acceptance of one's own gender |
| Gonads | Male or female sex glands; testes produce sperm and ovaries produce eggs |
| Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) | Medically administered estrogen and progestin to replace hormones lost as the result of menopause |
| Hot flashes | Unpleasant, temporary feelings of warmth experienced by women during and after menopause, caused by blood vessel dilation |
| Infatuation | A relatively temporary, intensely romantic attraction to another person |
| Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) | A gonadotropic hormone of the male required for the production of testosterone |
| Intimacy | Any close, mutual, verbal, or nonverbal behavior within a relationship |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | A gonadotropic hormone of the female required for fullest development and release of ova; ovulating hormone |
| Masculinity | Behavioral expressions traditionally observed in males |
| Masturbation | Self-stimulation of the genitals |
| Menarche | Time of a female's first menstrual cycle |
| Menopause | Decline and eventual cessation of hormone production by the female reproductive system |
| Monogamous | Paired relationship with one partner |
| Multiorgasmic capacity | Potential to have several orgasms within a single period of sexual arousal |
| Nocturnal emission | Ejaculation that occurs during sleep; "wet dream" |
| Orgasmic platform | Expanded outer third of the vagina that grips the penis during the plateau phase of the sexual response pattern |
| Orgasmic stage | Third stage of the sexual response pattern; the stage during which neuromuscular tension is released |
| Ovulation | The release of a mature egg from the ovary |
| Plateau stage | Second stage of the sexual response pattern; a leveling off of arousal immediately before orgasm |
| Platonic | Close association between two people that does not include a sexual relationship |
| Procreation | Reproduction |
| Psychosocial sexuality | Masculine and feminine aspects of sexuality |
| Puberty | Achievement of reproductive ability |
| Refractory phase | That portion of the male's resolution stage during which sexual arousal cannot occur |
| Resolution stage | Fourth stage of the sexual response pattern; the return of the body to a preexcitement state |
| Semen | Secretion containing sperm and nutrients discharged from the urethra at ejaculation |
| Sex flush | The reddish skin response that results from increasing sexual arousal |
| Sexual fantasies | Fantasies with sexual themes; sexual daydreams or imaginary events |
| Sexuality | The quality of being sexual; can be viewed from many biological and psychological perspectives |
| Smegma | Cellular discharge that can accumulate beneath the clitoral hood and the foreskin of the uncircumcised penis |
| Spermatogenesis | Process of sperm production |
| Vasectomy | Surgical procedure in which the vas deferens are cut to prevent the passage of sperm from the testicles; the most common form of male sterilization |
Created by:
mcallahan2
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