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Chapters 5-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Amino acids | The building blocks of protein; can be manufactured by the body or obtained from dietary sources |
| Antioxidants | Substances that may prevent cancer by interacting with and stabilizing unstable molecules known as free radicals |
| Calories | Units of heat (energy); 1 calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C |
| Carbohydrates | The body's primary sources of energy for all body functioning; chemical compounds including sugar, starches, and dietary fibers |
| Cholesterol | A primary form of fat found in the blood; lipid material manufactured within the body and derived from dietary sources |
| Cruciferous vegetables | Vegetables, such as broccoli, whose plants have flowers with four leaves in the pattern of a cross |
| Dehydration | Abnormal depletion of fluids from the body; severe dehydration can be fatal |
| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) | Measures that refer to three types of reference values: Estimated Average Requirement, Recommended Dietary Allowance, and Tolerable Upper Intake Level |
| Enriched | Foods that have been resupplied with some of the nutritional elements (B vitamins and iron) removed during processing |
| Enzymes | Organic substances that control the rate of physiological reactions but are not themselves altered in the process |
| Fat density | The percentage of a food's total calories that are derived from fat; above 30 percent is considered a high fat density |
| Fiber | Plant material that cannot be digested; found in cereal, fruits, and vegetables |
| Food additives | Chemical compounds intentionally added to the food supply to change some aspect of the food, such as its color or texture |
| Food allergy | A reaction in which the immune system attacks an otherwise harmless food or ingredient; allergic reactions can range from mildly to unpleasant to life threatening |
| Food intolerance | An adverse reaction to a specific food that does not involve the immune system; usually caused by an enzyme deficiency |
| Functional foods | Foods capable of contributing to the improvement/prevention of specific health problems |
| Health claims | Statements authorized by the FDA as having scientific proof of claims that a food, nutrient, or dietary supplement has an effect on a health-related condition |
| Nutrient-dense food | Foods that provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and comparatively few calories |
| Nutrients | Elements in foods that are required for the growth, repair, and regulation of body processes |
| Ovolactovegetarian Diet | A diet that excludes all meat but does not include the consumption of eggs and dairy products |
| Pesco-vegetarian diet | A vegetarian diet that includes fish, dairy products, and eggs along with plant foods |
| Phytochemicals | Physiologically active components of foods believed to deactivate carcinogens and to function as antioxidants |
| Probiotics | Living bacteria ("good bugs") that help prevent disease and strengthen the immune system |
| Proteins | Compounds composed of chains of amino acids; primary components of muscle and connective tissue |
| Satiety | The feeling of no longer being hungry; a diminished desire to eat |
| Saturated fats | Fats that promote cholesterol formation; they are in solid form at room temperature; primarily animal fats |
| Trace elements | Minerals whose presence in the body occurs in very small amounts; micronutrient elements |
| Vegan vegetarian diet | A vegetarian diet that excludes all animal products, including eggs and dairy products |
| Vitamins | Organic compounds that facilitate the action of enzymes |
| Adaptive thermogenesis | The physiological response of the body to adjust its metabolic rate to the presence of food |
| Adipose tissue | Tissue made up of fibrous strands around which specialized cells designed to store liquefied fat are arranged |
| Anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder in which the individual weighs less than 85% of the expected weight for his/her age, gender, and height. Has an intense fear of gaining weight. In females, ceases to menstruate for at least 3 consecutive months |
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) | The amount of energy, expressed in calories, that the body requires to maintain basic functions |
| Binge eating disorder | An eating disorder formerly referred to as compulsive overeating disorder; binge eaters use food to cope in the same way that bulimics do and also feel out of control, but do not engage in compensatory purging behavior |
| Bod Pod | Body composition system used to measure body fat through air displacement |
| Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) | A secret preoccupation with an imagined or slight flaw in one's appearance |
| Body image | One's subjective perception of how one's body appears to oneself and others |
| Body mass index (BMI) | A mathematical calculation based on weight and height; used to determine desirable body weight |
| Bulimia nervosa | An eating disorder in which individuals engage in episodes of bingeing, consuming unusually large amounts of food and feeling out of control, and engaging in some compensatory purging behavior to eliminate the food |
| Calipers | A device used to measure the thickness of a skin fold from which percentage of body fat can be estimated |
| Caloric balance | Caloric intake and caloric expenditure are equal and body weight remains constant |
| Catabolism | The metabolic process of breaking down tissue for the purpose of converting it to energy |
| Desirable weight | The weight range deemed appropriate for people, taking into consideration gender, age, and frame size |
| Healthy body weight | Body weight within a weight range appropriate for a person with and acceptable waist-to-hip ratio |
| Hypothyroidism | A condition in which the thyroid gland produces an insufficient amount of the hormone thyroxin |
| Negative caloric balance | Caloric intake is less than caloric expenditure, resulting in weight loss |
| Obesity | A condition in which a person's body weight is 20% or more above desirable weight as determined by standard height/weight charts |
| Overweight | A condition in which a person's excess fat accumulation results in a body weight that exceeds desirable weight by 1-19 percent |
| Phynylpropanolamine | An active chemical compound still found in some over-the-counter diet products and associated with increased risk of stroke |
| Positive caloric balance | Caloric intake greater than caloric expenditure, resulting in weight gain |
| Purging | Using vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications, or means such as excessive exercise or fasting, to eliminate food |
| Set point | A genetically programmed range of body weight, beyond which a persons finds it difficult to gain or lose additional weight |
| Thermic effect of food (TEF) | The amount of energy our bodies require for the digestion, absorption, and transportation of food |
| Underweight | A condition in which the body is below the desirable weight |
| Absorption | The passage of nutrients or alcohol through the walls of the stomach or the intestinal tract into the bloodstream |
| Abuse | Any use of a drug in a way that is detrimental to health |
| Acute alcohol intoxication | A potentially fatal elevation of BAC, often resulting from heavy, rapid consumption of alcohol |
| Additive effect | The combined (but not exaggerated) effect produced by the concurrent use of two or more drugs |
| Alcohol abuse | Patterns of alcohol use that create problems for the drinker's school and job performance, other responsibilities, and interpersonal relationships. Also called problem drinking |
| Alcohol dependence | Tolerance, withdrawal, and a pattern of compulsive use of alcohol. A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factor influencing its development. Also called alcoholism |
| Amotivational syndrome | Behavioral pattern characterized by lack of interest in productive activities |
| Antagonistic effect | Effect produced when one drug reduces or offsets the effects of a second drug |
| Asphyxiation | Death resulting from lack of oxygen to the brain |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | Above normal rate of physical movement; often accompanied by an inability to concentrate well on a specified task; also called hyperactivity |
| Axon | The portion of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses to the dendrites of adjacent neurons, neurons typically have one axon |
| Binge drinking | Five or more drinks on the same occasion (at the same time or within a span of a couple of hours) on at least 1 day in the last 2-week period |
| Blackout | A temporary state of amnesia experienced by a drinker; an inability to remember events that occurred during a period of alcohol use including things that person said or did during that time |
| Blood alcohol concentration | The percentage of alcohol in a measured quantity of blood; BACs can be determined directly through the analysis of a blood sample or indirectly through the analysis of exhaled air |
| Cold turkey | Immediate, total discontinuation of use of a drug; associated withdrawal discomfort |
| Cross-tolerance | Transfer of tolerance from one drug to another within the same general category |
| Current use | At least one drink in the past 30 days |
| Dependence | A physical or psychological need to continue using a drug |
| Distillation | The process of heating an alcohol solution and collecting its vapors into a more concentrated solution |
| Dose-response curve | The size of the effect of a drug on the body related to the amount of the drug administered |
| Drug | Any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical or physical nature alters structure or function in the living organism |
| FDA Schedule 1 | A list of drugs that have a high potential for abuse but no medical use |
| Fermentation | A chemical process whereby plant products are converted into alcohol by the action of yeast cells on carbohydrate materials |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | Characteristic birth defects noted in the children of some women who consume alcohol during their pregnancies |
| Gateway drug | An easily obtainable legal or illegal drug that represents a user's first experience with a mind-altering drug |
| Habituation | The development of psychological dependence on a drug after a period of use |
| Hallucinogens | Psychoactive drugs capable of producing hallucinations (distortions of reality) |
| Inhalants | Psychoactive drugs that enter the body through inhalation |
| Inhibitions | Inner controls that prevent a person from engaging in certain types of behavior |
| Intervention | An organized process that involves encouraging a chemically addicted individual to enter into drug treatment; usually coordinated by family and friends along with a mental health professional |
| Intoxication | Dysfunctional and disruptive changes in physiological and psychological functioning, mood, and cognitive processes resulting from the consumption of a psychoactive substance |
| Metabolism | The chemical process by which substances are broken down or synthesized in living organism to provide energy for life |
| Metabolite | A breakdown product of a drug |
| Misuse | Inappropriate use of drugs intended to be medications |
| Narcolepsy | A sleep disorder in which a person has a recurrent, overwhelming, and uncontrollable desire to sleep |
| Narcotics | Opiates; psychoactive drugs derived from the Oriental poppy plant. Narcotics relieve pain and induce sleep |
| Neuron/dendrite | The portion of a neuron that receives electrical stimuli from adjacent neurons; neurons typically have several such branches or extensions |
| Oxidation | The process that removes alcohol from the bloodstream |
| Potentiated effect | Phenomenon whereby the use of one drug intensifies the effect of a second drug |
| Problem drinking | An alcohol use pattern in which a drinker's behavior creates personal difficulties or difficulties for other people. Also called alcohol abuse |
| Process addictions | Addictions in which people compulsively engage in behavior such as gambling, shopping, gaming, or sexual activity to such an extreme degree that these addictions can cause serious financial, emotional, social, and health problems similar to drug addiction |
| Psychoactive drug | Any substance capable of altering feelings, moods, or perceptions |
| Psychological dependence | Craving a drug for emotional reasons and to maintain a sense of well-being; also called habituation |
| Shock | Profound collapse of many vital body functions; evident during acute alcohol intoxication and other health emergencies |
| Stimulants | Psychoactive drugs that stimulate the function of the central nervous system |
| Synapse | The location at which an electrical impulse from one neuron is transmitted to an adjacent neuron; also referred to as a synaptic junction |
| Synergistic drug effect | Heightened, exaggerated effect produced by the concurrent use of two or more drugs |
| Threshold dose | The least amount of a drug to have an observable effect on the body |
| Tolerance | An acquired reaction to a drug; continued intake of the same dose has diminished effects |
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome | A syndrome that results from vitamin B 1 deficiency, often the results of alcoholism. Symptoms include impaired short-term memory, psychosis, impaired coordination, and abnormal eye movements |
| Withdrawal illness | Uncomfortable, perhaps toxic response to the body as it attempts to maintain homeostasis in the absence of a drug; also called abstinence syndrome |
| Zero-tolerance laws | Laws that severely restrict the right to operate motor vehicles for underage drinkers who have been convicted of driving under any influence |
| Alveoli | Think, saclike terminal ends of the airways; the sites at which gases are exchanged between the blood and lungs |
| Angina Pectoris | Chest pain that results from impaired blood supply to the heart muscle |
| Beta endorphins | Mood enhancing, pain-reducing, opiatelike chemicals produced within the smoker's body in response to the presence |
| Bolus theory | A theory of nicotine addiction based on the body's response to the bolus (ball) of nicotine delivered to the brain with each inhalation of cigarette smoke. |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | A chemical compound that can "inactivate" red blood cells |
| Carcinogens | Environmental agents, including chemical compounds within cigarette smoke, that stimulate the development of cancerous changes within cells |
| Cardiac arrest | Immediate death resulting from a sudden change in the rhythm of the heart causing loss of heart function |
| Chronic bronchitis | Persistent inflammation and infection of the smaller airways within the lungs |
| Cilia | Small, hairlike structures that extend from cells that line the air passages |
| Dependence | A physical or psychological need to continue the use of a drug |
| Dissonance | A feeling of uncertainty that occurs when a person believes two equally attractive but opposite ideas |
| Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy | Pregnancy resulting from the implantation of the fertilized ovum within the inner wall of the fallopian tube |
| Embolism | A potentially fatal condition in which a circulating blood clot lodges in a smaller vessel |
| Environmental tobacco smoke | Tobacco smoke, regardless of its source, that stays within a common source of air |
| Euphoria | A complex interplay of physical and emotional states that suggest heightened energy, enhanced mood, and greater resistance to pain and discomfort |
| Gaseous phase | The portion of the tobacco smoke containing carbon monoxide and many other physiologically active gaseous compounds |
| Hypoxia | Oxygenation deprivation at the cellular level |
| Mainstream smoke | Smoke inhaled and then exhaled by a smoker |
| Modeling | The process of adopting the behavioral patterns of a person one admires or has bonds with |
| Mucus | Clear, sticky material produced by specialized cells within the mucous membranes of the body; mucus traps much of the suspended particulate matter within tobacco smoke |
| Myocardial infarction | Heart attack; the death of heart muscle as a result of a blockage in one of the coronary arteries |
| Nicotine | A physiologically active, dependence-producing drug found in tobacco |
| Particulate phase | The portion of the tobacco smoke composed of small suspended particles |
| Periodontal disease | Destruction of soft tissue and bone that surround the teeth |
| Platelet Adhesiveness | The tendency of platelets to clump together, thus enhancing the speed at which blood clots |
| Pulmonary emphysema | An irreversible disease process in which the alveoli are destroyed |
| Sidestream smoke | Smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar |
| Tar | A chemically rich, syrupy, blackish-brown material obtained from the particulate matter within cigarette smoke when nicotine and water are removed |
| Titration | The particular level of a drug within the body; adjusting the level of nicotine by adjusting the rate of smoking |
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mcallahan2
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