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HD Final
Ms Sheppard
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| polycystic kidney disease | kidneys are composed of multiple cysts; developmental defect of the collecting tubules in the cortex of the kidneys |
| What effects do juices (especially cranberry) have on the urine | acidifies urine |
| If urine is brown-black in color | could be poison, hemorrhage, dried blood |
| 2 common causes of renal failure | hypertension, diabetes |
| hematuria | blood in the urine; UTI, cystitis |
| dysuria | difficulty voiding |
| Causes of kidney stones | dehydration, renal failure, increase in uric acid, increase in vitamin D |
| Treatment for patients w Chronic renal failure | dialysis, kidney transplant |
| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder |
| pyelonehpritis | inflammation of the kidney & renal pelvis due to an infection; can be 1 kidney or both |
| 2 common lower urinary tract infections | cystitis, urethritis |
| what is characterized by proteinuria | Nephrotic Syndrome |
| Neurogentic bladder | any loss or impairment of bladder function caused by CNS injury or dmg to the nerves supplying the bladder |
| Tumors of the bladder are | almost always malignant |
| what drug is instilled in the eyes of a newborn to prevent ophthalmia (gonorrhea) | 1% silver nitrate |
| what is the cause of testicular cancer | no known causes; predisposing factor in crythrochidism |
| What is the prognosis of testicular cancer | good following successful treatment of early stages of detection |
| who is most at risk for testicular cancer | men under 40 |
| amenorrhea | absence on menarche beyond the age of 16 |
| dysmenorrhea | pain associated with mestruation |
| dyspareunia | painful sex |
| endometriosis | appearance & growth of endometrial tissues in areas outside the endometrium |
| chancre | ulcerated, red firm sore. Primary indication of syphilis; occurs at point of entry of the infection |
| prognosis for genital herpes | no cure |
| What is sometimes called the silent STD? why? | Chlamydia; asymptomatic |
| metorrhagia | bleeding not associated with menstrual flow; abnormal uterine discharge |
| menorrhagia | excessive menstrual flow in duration and quantity or both |
| difference between an illness & disease | illness - describes the condition of a person, S/S, Not classified Disease - can be medically classified & distinguishing features |
| idiopathic | disease w no known cause |
| iatrogenic | disease caused by medical treatment |
| heat stroke; heat exhaustion | stroke- stop sweating, skin hot/dry, temp control mechanism malfunctions Exhaustion - skin pale/clammy, still sweating, body temp may still be normal |
| List a disease caused by a virus & how is it treated | common cold - treated w antiviral; no treatment except for symtome relief |
| first degree burn | affect only the outer layer of skin, skin is red, painful and dry; no blisters |
| second degree burn | burn effects the epidermis & dermis, skin appears red, blistered, and may be swollen |
| third degree burn | destroys the epidermis & dermis layers, may also dmg underlying bones, muscles & tendons, skin appears white and charred; sensation is lost because nerve endings are destroyed |
| how are burns % classified | The Rule of Nines |
| disease spread to humans by mosquito feeding on infected birds from New York | west nile |
| another name for small pox | variola |
| 3 forms of anthrax | cutaneous (skin) intestinal inhalation - Worst to have |
| what spread quickly from continent to continent and believed to have originated in Hong Kong | SARS |
| another name for Rubella is there a vaccine | German Measles, yes (MMR) |
| What virus causes AIDS | HIV |
| What meds are used to treat HIV/AIDS | AZT |
| Normal T4 cells for healthy adult | 1000 |
| A patient may be diagnosed with AIDS/HIV if T4 cells drops to | 200 |
| Another name for chicken pox? is there a vaccine | varicella, yes |
| Another name for mumps is there a vaccine | Parotitus, yes |
| Which disease causes swelling of the parotid, salivary gland | mumps (parotitus) |
| Another name of whooping cough | Pertussis |
| another name for lock jaw is there a vaccine | tetanus, yes |
| who first described how blood is pumped throughout the heart | william harvey |
| who discovered smallpox vaccine | edward jenner |
| hemorrhoids | dilated veins in the mucus membrane of the anus or rectum |
| Crohn's disease affects | chronic inflammation, usually the ileum, extending through all layers of the intestinal walls. Inflammation tends to be patchy or segmented |
| Ulcerative colitis | inflammation and ulceration of the colon, often beginning in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upward. Effects entire colon |
| pancreatic cancer usually occurs in the _____ of the pancreas | head |
| a system of appendicitis is pain at | Mcburney's Point, RLQ |
| Classic symptom of ulcertive colitis | bloody diarrhea |
| diverticulitis | acute inflammation of the small, pouch like herniation's in the intestinal wall |
| cholelithiasis | formation or presence of gall stones w/i the gallbladder or bile ducts |
| cholecystectomy | removal of the gall bladder |
| what is characterized by an all-consuming desire to be thin | anorexia nurvosa |
| what is charactizied by repetitive gorging w food, followed by self induced vomiting | bulimia |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| gallbladder stores | bile |
| liver secretes | bile |
| fuctions of the liver | produces bile, helps with metabolism |
| Hepatitis ABCD | all viral, all effect the liver |
| Hepatitis A & E tramsmitted by | oral - fecal route |
| Hepatitis B,C,D tranmitted by | blood borne |
| In order to get hepatitis D you must first | have hepatitis B |
| Hepatitis vaccines for only | A, B |
| In a patient is in liver failure the only option is | a liver transplant - NO dialysis |
| What is an opacity or clouding of the lens of the eye | cataract |
| what causes fluid pressure to accumulate within the eye which dmgs the retina & optic nerve | glaucoma |
| hat does a tonometer measure | pressure behind the eye |
| a disorder in which the eyes cannot be directed to focus on the same subject | strabismus |
| blepharitis is inflammation of the | eye lids |
| inflammation of the cornea | keratitis |
| Cushing's syndrome s/s | moon shaped face, buffalo hump |
| Gigantism is excessive growth of the | long bones; effects childern |
| polyuria | excessive urination output |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| another name for Graves disease | hyperthyroidism |
| When hyperthyroidism appears as a congenital condition it is called | cretinism |
| when hyperthyroidism appears in childhood or adulthood it is called | myxedema |
| the treatment goal for Cushing's is to restore | cortisol to normal levels |
| Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex is | Cushing's |
| Diabetes mellitus, which type generally is overweight | type II |
| exophthalmus | bulging of the eyes (usually seen in Graves disease) |
| diabetic coma | glucose levels re high, skin is flushed & dry, fruity odor to breath, caused by not taking insulin & diet, treat w insulin & salt water (NaCL) |
| diabetic shock | gloucose low, skin is clammy & pale, no odor to breath, cause - took to much insulin or did not eat enough, N&V, treatment-sugar |
| A bilateral, symmetrical, non progressive paralysis resulting from developmental defects of the brain or trauma at birth is | Cerebral Palsy |
| Define hydrocephalus | too much CSF in the ventricles of the brain; occurs before the cranial sutures have fused |
| what is the treatment for hydrocephalus | a shunt is placed from the affected ventricles of the brain into the peritoneal cavity or into the right atrium of the heart |
| classic symptom for pyloric stenosis | projectile vomiting 3'-4' |
| inadequate intestinal motility causing obstruction and dilation of the colon with feces can cause what condition | Hirschsprung disease |
| define acyanotic defect of the heart. give examples | no mixing or poorly oxygenated blood with the blood reentering the systemic circulation; ventricular septal defect, artrial septal defect |
| list cyanotic defect examples | poorly oxygenated blood mixes with the blood reentering the systemic circulation |
| Undescended testes (1 or both) | cryptorchidism |
| congenital malformation in which the lower portion of the abdominal wall and the anterior wall of the bladder is missing | Exstrophy of the bladder |
| another name for clubfoot | talipes |
| A positive Ortolani's sign confirms | Congenital hip displasia |
| Treatment for PKU consist of a | protein-restrictive diet |
| How is Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed | rectal biopsy that reveals the absence of ganglion cells in the colorectal wall, barium enema xray |
| ureterocele | ureter invades into bladder and takes up its space |
| with duplicate ureters, each kidney has | 2 ureters instead of 1 |
| there are _____ basic types of talipes | 4 |
| CF is a congenital diorder of the ______ glands | exocrine |
| how is sickle cell anemia transmitted | hereditary |
| what is another name for Down Syndrome | trisomy 21 |
| which heart defect occurs when the ductus arteriosus fails to close at birth | PDA |
| which heart defect occurs when the 2 major arteries of the heart are reversed | Transpostion of the great arteries |
| define seborrheic dermatitis | chronic functional disease of the sebaceous glands |
| define cradle cap | seborreheic dematis in infants; over active sabaceous glands |
| define contact dermatitis | acute skin inflammation caused by direct contact w/ irritants |
| the integumentary system synthesizes Vitamin ____ when exposed to sunlight | D |
| Describe the appearance of a malignant melanoma | irregular boarders, diversity in colors, tends to spread downwards |
| An acute inflammatory eruption of highly painfull vesicles on the trunk or face | shingles |
| ABCDE | asysemtry, boarder irregularity, color, diameter, elevation |
| whats another name for shingles | herpes zoster |
| shingles share a with whatcommon etiology with what other infectious disease | chicken pox |
| what are s/s of shingles | pain along a nerve, lessions |
| how may shingles be prevented | vaccine for people over 60 |
| whats the difference between cerebral concussion and contusion | concussion - no bleeding, minor dmg contusion - bruising in the brain |
| hemiplegia | paralysis of 1/2 the body |
| paraplegia | paralysis of lower limbs |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all 4 limbs |
| causes of peripheral neuritis | degeneration of the nerves carrying impluses to and from the spinal cord |
| S/S of peripheral neuritis | tingling, prickling, burning, extreme sensitivity to touch |
| Bells Palsy is a disorder of the facial nerve which is the ______ cranial nerve | 7 |
| TIA | ministroke |
| Parkinson disease, which neurotransmitter is missing | dopamine |
| Chronic, autoimmune, progressive and irreversable disease characterized by destruction of the mylin sheath that insulates and protects the axons | multiple sclerosis |
| what is another name for ALS | lou gerhig disease |
| Reye Syndrome cause diognosis - increased level of ammonia in blood | use of asprin in childen w/ viral infections stage 1 persistant vomiting, lethary, brain dysfunction, drowniness stge 2 personality changes, disorienation, delirum |
| osteoporosis | bones become brittle, porus |
| causes of osteoporosis | post menopausal women over 50, smaller boned people, heredity, lactose intolerance, vitimin D deficiency, alcoholism |
| Acute or chronic infection of the bone forming tissue | Osteomyelitis |
| what is the most common bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis | staph |
| lordosis | swayback; abnormal inward curvature of the spin |
| kyphosis | hunch back; abnormal outward curvature of the spine |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the sexchange of spine |
| what is the treatment for osteitis deformans | PT, pharmalogical, pain management, surgery, NSAIDS |
| carpal tunnel syndrome is a snydrome that compresses the ________ in the wrist | median nerve |
| what is internal respiration | exchange of gases, oxygen and CO2 w/i the lungs |
| what is external respiration | exchange of gases at the cellular level w/i the organs of the body |
| ______ is an area of necrotized lung tissue containing purelent material. They are more common in the _________of the lung | lung absecess, right lower |
| A lung abcess may be a complication of | pneumonia |
| _______ is a slowly developing bacterial lung infection charterized by progressive necrososis of lung deisease | Pulmonary TB |
| Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria | true |
| Tuberculosis mostly affects the lungs but can invade other tissues | true |
| what the difference between TB infection and TB disease | Infection- not sick or contagious \ disease-very contagious, sick and requires isolation |
| If a patient has 1 postive TB skin test; they may have it repeated | FALSE |
| what medication is most commonly used to treat TB | INH |
| what is the only way to confim TB disease | sepural culture |
| ______ is a collection of air or gas in the plurel cavity | Pneumothorax (collasped lung) |
| _____ is inflammation of the visceral and partietal plurel membrances that envelop each lung | Plural effussion |
| a pulmonary embolism generally orginates in the | pelvic/ or deep lower extermities and travels upwards |
| contraction of the heart is | systole |
| relaxtion o the heart id | diastole |
| inflammation of he pericardium which is a saclike membrance that surrounds the heart and protects the heart is | pericardititis |
| inflammation of the cadiac muscle is | myocardititis |
| inflammation of the membranne lining the valves and chambers of the heart and is charactized by adnormal growths called vegetations is | endocarditis |
| what does the term stenosis mean | valve opening is to narrow |
| what does dilation mean | valve opening is to wide |
| persistently elevated blood pressure that develops without apparent cause is | essetential hypetension |
| stage 1 hypertension is a bp of | 140/90 |
| stage 2 hypertension is a BP of | 160/100 |
| _____ is a uncomfortable squeezing, pressure, fulliness or pain in the chest from ischemia to part of the myocardium | angina |
| __________ is a life threating condition in which blodd flow to a section of the heart muscle becomes blocked and causes death of a tissue | mycardial infarction |
| CHF can cause both polmonary edema and peripheral edema | true |
| what is the treatment for cardiac arrest | CPR, defibrillation |
| What is AAA | Abdominal aortic anueryms |
| What is TAA | thoracic aortic anueryysyms |
| What is PAA | peripheral aortic aneurysms |
| ______ is charterized by inadequate reserves of iron in the body and fomation of small, hemoglobin-poor RBC's | Iron deficiency anemia |
| What is chaterized by the apperance of large, abnormal RBC's which form when ther are inadquate levels of B12 within the body | Pernicious anemia |
| Patients with pernicious anemia have to be treated with | B12 for life |
| ____ is an abnormal accumulation of lymph, usually in the extremities Not cancerous | lymphedema |
| ______ is a neoplastic malignancy of the lymph system charactizized by painless enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen and other lymph tissue | lymphomia |
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jhowe2323
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