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Nutrition Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How much daily fiber does a woman need? A man? | 25 grams; 38 grams |
| Synthetic Vitamin A supplementation should be limited to ________ IU/day. | 5000 IU/day |
| What fat soluble vitamin deficiency is possibly linked to an increased risk of colorectal and breast cancer? | Vitamin D |
| What is the current RDA for Vitamin D? What does it increase to in the winter? | 400-800 IU; 5000 IU |
| What form of Vitamin E is the only form that's actively maintained in the body? | Alpha tocopherol |
| What could toxicity of Alpha tocopherol lead to? | Damage to cardiac cells |
| What functions in the body does Vitamin K support? | Bone metabolism and blood coagulation |
| What are signs and symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency? (4) | 1. Tendency to prolonged bleeding 2. Easy bruising 3. Impaired bone remodeling/mineralization 4. Small amount of blood in the stool |
| Large doses of which vitamin can cause dilation of capillaries, resulting in red skin (i.e.: flush)? | Vitamin B3 - Niacin |
| What is the name for Vitamin B1? What functions does it support in the body? | Thiamin; Energy metabolism, nervous system, protein synthesis |
| What is the name for Vitamin B2? What functions does it support in the body? | Riboflavin; Energy production and antioxidant action |
| What is the name for Vitamin B3? What functions does it support in the body? | Niacin; Cellular metabolism, DNA replication/repair, antioxidant functions, blood sugar regulation, fat/cholesterol metabolism |
| What functions does Vitamin B6 support in the body? | Protein synthesis, maintenance of normal BGL, Niacin (B3) formation, lipid metabolism, RBC function, and neurotransmitter synthesis |
| What are the "3 D's" of Niacin (B3) deficiency? | Diarrhea, Dementia, and Dermatitis |
| What is the name for Vitamin B5? What functions does it support in the body? | Panthothenic Acid; Energy production, fatty acid synthesis, protein & amino acid synthesis, and acetylcholine formation |
| What is the name for Vitamin B9? What two aspects is it important for in the body? | Folic Acid; Neural tube development in the fetus, DNA synthesis and repair |
| What type of deficiency is folic acid deficiency often seen with? | B12 deficiency |
| What functions is B12 responsible for in the body? | Breaks down amino acids, fats, and supports thyroid function |
| To what can a B12 deficiency lead? | Pernicious anemia (may initially present as fatigue) and numbness/tingling of the extremities |
| Which vitamins are needed for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine? | B6, B9, and B12 |
| For what functions in the body is biotin important? | Cell division and growth |
| For what functions in the body is Vitamin C important? | Capillary strength, collagen production, and hormone (especially adrenal) regulation |
| Which medications often cause Vitamin C deficiency? | Aspirin and oral contraceptives |
| Patient's currently taking what type of medication should NOT supplement with Vitamin K? Why? | Blood thinners (Warfarin (Coumadin), Heparin); Vitamin K is responsible for supporting the function of blood coagulation |
| For what functions is Calcium used in the body? | Skeletal, muscular, nervous and immune support |
| What foods can cause Calcium deficiency? | Caffeine, alcohol, protein and fiber |
| What other mineral inhibits the absorption of calcium in high levels? | Phosphorus |
| A 26 year old female presents to your office with a chief complaint of migraine headaches, mild to moderate dymenorrhea (pain associated with menses) and fatigue. What mineral supplementation would you recommend and why? | Magnesium. It's a vasodilator and muscle relaxant, so it will help dilate vessels in the brain to alleviate headache and relax the muscles of the uterus to alleviate menstrual cramps |
| The body's reserve of Vitamin D is ____________________ (what form?). Optimal functioning of the ____________ (what organ systems?) systems is necessary to convert to the active form. | |
| Insulin resistance may indicate the need for which mineral? | Chromium |
| If a patient with fatigue also complains of chronic heartburn and has a possible gastric ulcer, in which mineral could he be deficient? | Iron |
| What can a high level of extracellular fluid (swelling) indicate? | Potassium (K+) deficiency |
| What can electrolyte toxicity cause? | Cardiac disturbances |
| For what functions in the body is Zinc responsible? | Immune system function, wound healing, thyroide and endocrine function, DNA synthesis and skin oil gland production |
| What functions does iron support? | Hemoglobin function, immune system function, and collagen support |
| For which types of repair is selenium necessary? | Glutathione (antioxidant) and Vitamin E repair |
| Which mineral is important for muscle systems and ligament and collagen health? | Manganese |
| Patients who have the disease PKU are lacking an enzyme to breakdown which amino acid? | Phenylalanine; The patient lacks phenylalanine hydroxylase, which breaks phenylalanine down into tyrosine |
| The amino acid tyrosine and the mineral iodine are necessary for the health of which organ? | Thyroid |
| Which amino acids are branched chain? | L-Valine, L-Leucine and L-Isoleucine |
| What are the receptors in the stomach that secrete stomach acid in response to histamine called? | Parietal cells |
| What sulfur containing amino acid donates a methyl group for the creation of epinephrine, carnitine, choline and creatinine in the body? | L-Methionine |
| If serotonin levels are too low, what symptoms may present? | Irritability, worry, and constipation |
| If serotonin levels are too high, what symptoms may present? | Anxiety, panic attacks, diarrhea |
| Which amino acid is the primary fuel for intestinal mucosa? | L-Glutamic Acid/Glutamate |
| Which amino acid produces Histamine? | Histadine |
| Into what two neurotransmitters is L-Glutamic Acid broken down? | Glutamate (excitatory) and GABA (inhibitory) |
| Which mineral inhibits NMDA - glutamate receptors? | Magnesium |
| Which neurotransmitter does Serine produce? | Acetylcholine |
| Which amino acids help with RBC synthesis? | Valine and Isoleucine |
| Which amino acid is a part of bile acid? | Taurine |
| Which three amino acids require Vitamin C to produce collagen? | Glycerine, Proline and Hydroxyproline |
| During what body response is bradykinin released? | Tissue damage |
| How does Glutathione function as an antioxidant? | It helps recycle the free radical capacity |
| With which vitamins and minerals are glutathione levels maintained? | Vitamins B2, B3, and E and Selenium |
| Which compound transports long fatty acid chains into mitochondria? Of which amino acid is it composed? | Carnitine; 3 lysines link together |
| What does creatine do? | It helps turn on and off the ATP/ADP conversion |
| What four compounds are known as endorphins? | Serotonin, melatonin, dopamine and norepinephrine |
Created by:
eippolito
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