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Epi definitions
Epidemiologic definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Public health | A multidisciplinary field whose goal is to promote the health of population through organized community efforts |
| Epidemiology | The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations and the application of this study to control health problems |
| Disease | Refers to a broad array of health-related states and events including diseases, injuries, disabilities, and death |
| Population | A group of people with a common characteristic |
| Measure of disease frequency | Quantifies how often a disease arises in a population |
| Disease distribution | Refers to the pattern of disease according to the characteristics of person(who is getting the disease?), place (where is it occurring?), and time (how is it changing over time?) |
| Disease determinants | Factors that either cause a healthy person to become sick or cause a sick person to recover; capable of bringing about a change in health |
| Disease control | The ultimate aim of epidemiology, and refers to the reduction or elimination of disease occurrence |
| Sir Richard Doll | 20th century British researcher known for studies about smoking and health |
| Social determinants of health | These are non biological factors that can lead to differential health outcomes between population |
| John Snow | -Victorian (19th century) surgeon/anesthesiologist who became quintessential epidemiologic hero -Known for innovative theory about waterborne theory of cholera. Figured how cholera was being transmitted by contaminated water in London |
| Morbidity | Related to disease or disability |
| Incidence | This measure of mortality/morbidity measures new cases of disease that emerge within a certain period of time in a given population |
| John Graunt | -1st to record descript charact of birth/death data, incl seasonal variations, infant mortality, and excess male over female differences in mortality -"Columbus of statistics" -First to employ quantitative methods in describing population vital statisti |
| Epidemic | -A sharp increase in the frequency of a disease relative to historically normal levels in a specific population -The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness (or outbreak) clearly in excess of expectancy |
| Outbreak | The occurrence of more cases of disease than normally expected within a specific place or group of people over a given period of time |
| Cyclicity | |
| Secular trend | Describes the occurrence of disease over a prolonged period, usually years or decades; it is influenced by the degree of immunity in the population & possibly nonspecific measures such as improved socioeconomic and nutritional levels among the population. |
| Pandemic | An epidemic on a worldwide scale, large number of persons may be affected and a disease may cross international borders |
| Case-control study | The most efficient and economical analytic design for studying rare diseases |
| Blinding/masking | Concealing the treatment group assignment from participants, investigators, data collectors, or data analysts |
| Period effect | Variation in health status that arises from changes in the environment during a given time period |
| Cross-sectional study | A useful study for resource planning and documenting the prevalence of disease in a population |
| Registry | A centralized database for collection of information about a disease |
| Incidence | This measure of mortality/morbidity measures new cases of disease that emerge within a certain period of time in a given population |
| Retrospective cohort study | A longitudinal study that utilizes historical records to ascertain exposure status |
| Temporality | One Bradford Hill criterion for causal inference that must hold true between exposure and disease |
| Case-control study | The most efficient and economic analytic design for studying rare diseases |
| Blinding/Masking | Concealing the treatment group assigning from participants, investigators, data collectors, or data analysts |
| Period effect | Variation in health status that arises from changes in the environment during a given time period |
| Cross-sectional study | A useful study design for resource planning and documenting the prevalence of disease in a population |
| Registry | A centralized database for collection of information about a disease |
| Incidence | This measure of mortality/morbidity measures new cases of disease that emerge within a certain period of time in a given population |
| Retrospective cohort study | A longitudinal study that utilizes historical records to ascertain exposure status |
| Temporality | One Bradford Hill criterion for causal inference that must hold true between exposure and disease |
| Standard Mortality Ratio | Observed deaths/expected deaths |
| Ecological study | A study in which at least one variable is measured at the group (not individual) level; appropriate for initial investigation of causal hypothesis |
| Principle of beneficence | States that research participants should not be exposed to unreasonable harms |
| Equipoise | Deals with the amount of scientific uncertainty that exists for a given research question |
| Mortality rate | A measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time |
| Ratio | Compares values; says how much of one thing there is compared to another thing |
| Proportion | A part considered in relation to the whole; the relation between elements and a whole |
| Effect modifier (also called moderator) | A variable that differentially (positively and negatively) modifies the observed effect of a risk factor on disease status -Different groups have different risk estimates when effect modification is present |
| Mediator | An intervening variable that is necessary to complete a cause–effect link between exposure and outcome |
| Moderator | An interaction variable that affects the direction, strength, or both of the relationship between an exposure and mediator or mediator and outcome; stratification by this variable will show diff strength relationships between exposure and outcome. |
| Age effect | Change in the rate of a condition according to age, irrespective of birth cohort and calendar time |
| Cohort effect | Change in the rate of a condition according to year of birth, irrespective of age and calendar time |
| Period effect | Change in the rate of a condition affecting an entire population at some point in time, irrespective of age and birth cohort |
| Surveillance | Ongoing collection, meaningful analysis, and routine dissemination of relevant data for providing opportunities for public health action to prevent and control disease |
| Hippocrates | -Suggested disease might be associated with environmental factors -The first to suggest that disease might be associated with the physical environment-movement away from supernatural explanation of disease causation |
| Sir Percival Pott | -First to describe an environmental cause of cancer -Observed that chimney sweeps has a high incidence of scrotal cancer |
| Edward Jenner | Developed a method for smallpox vaccination in 1796 |
| William Farr | -"Compiler of abstracts" -Developed a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions -Examined possible linkage between mortality rates and pop. density |
| Robert Koch | Demonstrated the association between a microorganism and disease |
| Component cause | Factors joint action of theses are needed for a causal mechanism event or condition that plays a role in a disease occurence |
| Muticausality | Every causal mechanism involves the joint action of a mutitude of component causes. many factors are involved in the presence of a disease |
| 5W's | Who -Person; what -diagnosis; when-time; where-place; why-causes,risk factors, mode of transmission |
| Competing risk | People being removed from a study through death from other cases |
| Attack rate | Risk of becoming infected by a condition during an period of epidemic |
| Secondary attack rate | Attack rate among susceptiable people who come in contact with primary causes |
| Case fatality rate | Proporation of people who developed a disease and than die from the diease |
| Endemic | A disease that is habitually present in a particular geographical region |
| Epidemic Threshold | The minimum number of cases (or deaths) that would support the conclusion that an epidemic was underway |
| Foundation of Epidemiology | Factors that cause or contribute to diseases and injuries can be identified by means of systematic investigation |
| Koch's Postulates (4) | -The microorganism must be abundannt in all cases, but not in healthy -Must be isolated from a case and grown in pure culture -Culture should cause disease in a control -Must be reisolated from case and ID'd as identical to original causative agent |
| Modern Epidemiology's Shift | Epidemiologic transition of the 20th century caused shift in focus from acute infections diseases to chronic "life style |
| Three Factors that affect the size of populations | 1. Birth 2. Death 3. Migration |
| Case definition | 1. Clinical information about the disease 2. Characteristics of the people who are affected 3. Information about the location or place 4. Specification of the time during which the outbreak occurred |
Created by:
AlneciaPHS
Popular Health & Social Care sets