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Death & Dying Ch 8
"The Last Dance - Encountering Death and Dying" Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What has been characterized as the most significant of the rites of passage from womb to tomb? | Funeral rites |
| How do the ceremonies a community enacts to mark the passing of one of its members express how death is perceived within a particular social group? | Through symbol and metaphor |
| What is a wake? | A vigil held prior to burial at which those close to the deceased keep watch over the body. |
| What purpose do wakes serve? | A transforming effect on friends and family, not only helping them adjust to life without the departed, but also recreating their bonds as family. |
| What was the Egyptian culture focused on? | Acquiring mortuary goods and preparing for the afterlife. |
| What was a dominant theme in Egyptian religion? | Life after death |
| In ancient Egypt, what was the Ba? | A soul or psychic force |
| In ancient Egypt, what was the Ka? | A spiritual double representing the creative and sustaining power of life. |
| In ancient Egypt, if the Ba were destroyed, what would happen? | The deceased would suffer the second death, the death that really did come as the end. |
| What are the jazz funerals of the New Orleans brass bands a throwback to? | The ancient Christian and African traditions of rejoicing when you die. |
| In a jazz funeral what is the difference between the music on the walk to the cemetery versus on the return? | It is slow, dirge-like and solemn on the way to the cemetery, but fast, joyful and uplifting on the return. |
| What has the jazz funeral of New Orleans been called? | A celebration of the soul's entrance into heave. |
| Traditionally, what do funeral rites begin with? | The gathering of family and friends for a deathwatch to accompany the dying person in his or her last hours of life. |
| What is a deathwatch? | As death nears, relatives and friends gather to say farewells and show respect for the dying person, as well as to give support and care to his or her family. |
| What does preparation of the deceased involve? | Various tasks associated with preparing the corpse for ultimate disposition. |
| What is a wake? | Traditionally held on the night after death occurs - laying out the corpse and keeping a watch over it. Historically observed as a safeguard against premature burial, as an opportunity to pay respects to the deceased, and occasion for lively festivities. |
| What is a funeral? | The centerpiece of the ritual surrounding death - rite of passage for both the deceased and his or her survivors. |
| What is a procession? | Conveying the corpse from the site of the funeral to the place of burial. |
| What is a committal? | A ceremony held at the grave or crematorium. |
| What is disposal of the corpse? | Burial or cremation |
| What 4 major social functions did Vanderlyn Pine point out that funerals have historically addressed? | Acknowledge & commemorate a person's death. Provide a setting for the disposition of the dead body. Assist in reorienting the bereaved to their lives. Demonstrate reciprocal economic & social obligations between the bereaved & their social world. |
| What does the presence of death rites in every human culture suggest? | They serve innate human needs. |
| In the African American community, what is an untimely notification of death considered? | Insensitive, lacking respect, and an insult. |
| Why may the belatedly notified person feel he or she is alone dealing with grief after a death? | The mutual support of the community of bereaved persons is unlikely to be as available after the initial period of mourning has passed. |
| What purpose doe various signs and symbols, such as armbands, serve in some societies? | Distinguish the bereaved from those not in mourning. |
| Why have web sites have been set up that can notify online friends of a death? | Online social networks are becoming ever more important in our lives, and some people have purely online relationships wherein the friends would not otherwise know about the death. |
| Why is the process of announcing death important? | It can elicit support that is helpful to survivors in dealing with their loss, and provide an impetus for coming to terms with the fact that a significant loss has taken place. |
| What does assembling a community reassure us of? | We are part of a larger whole, thereby strengthening our individual lives. |
| Referring to someone as a "widow" reflects what? | The change of status of the survivors of a death. |
| What do announcement, visitation, and other after-death rituals provide? | Potent psychological impetus for realizing a loss. |
| What two processes does the disposition of a corpse entail? | Mental process (deciding what is to be done) and physical activity (carrying out the decision.) |
| The final disposition of a dead body is surrounded by what considerations? | Social, cultural, religious, psychological and personal |
| The placing of grave goods is a what? | Mourning practice that can be meaningful to survivors. |
| What are the professionals called who are hired to care for the dead? | Morticians |
| What are the professionals called who are hired to provide services and merchandise for conducting a funeral service? | Funeral Director |
| Why are funeral directors in a position to take advantage of their customers? | The average person knows little about the "mystery business" of the funeral business. |
| When did the U.S. Federal Trade Commission implement the Trade Regulation Rule on Funeral Industry Practices? | 1984 |
| The Funeral Rule stipulates that funeral service providers what? | Must give detailed info about prices (must be itemized & given over phone & in writing) & legal requirements; No misrepresentation about disposition of human remains, or embalming for a fee w/o prior permission, or casket purchase for direct cremation. |
| The FTC Funeral Rule can be viewed as the natural outcome of what? | A historical process that has removed death from the purview of family and friends and placed it in the hands of professionals. |
| When did the undertaker assume a larger role in caring for the dead? | The later decades of the 19th century. |
| At a time when disposition of the dead was a human task to be carried out by the family and community, the undertaker was what? | Merely a tradesman who furnished goods to bereaved families. |
| As a result of smaller homes and increased urbanization, the present-day funeral home is a replacement for what? | The ceremonial room, or the parlor, that people no longer had in their own homes. |
| When was the Funeral Directors' National Association established? | 1880s |
| What did the Funeral Directors' National Association do? | Promote funeral service business and establish standards. |
| What can the "aftercare" programs some mortuaries offer include? | Telephoning a bereaved spouse to see how that person is doing or offering counseling or bereavement support groups. |
| Many funeral directors see the offering of aftercare services as a contemporary expression of what? | Old-fashioned neighborly concern. |
| Who traditionally played a large role in assisting bereaved families make funeral arrangements? | The clergy |
| The move from church to mortuary chapel, along with the more dominant role of mortuary personnel, in funerals has caused what? | A strain on the relationships between clergy and funeral directors. |
| What are the confusing emotions regarding our dead we may experience? | Aversion, guilt, resentment, anxiety and affection. |
| The Greek philosopher Herodotus, in the 4th century B.C.E., spoke critically about what? | Lavish displays for the dead. |
| Published in 1926, what book argued that the modern funeral was merely the vestige of a "pagan" superstitious fear of the dead? | <i>Funeral Customs: Their Origin and Development</i> |
| In 1959, what book documented the commercialism and conspicuous display connected with funerals? | <i>The American Funeral: A Study in Guilt, Extravagance, and Sublimity"</i> |
| What was Bowman concerned about in <i>The American Funeral: A Study in Guilt, Extravagance, and Sublimity"</i>? | Modern funerals were overlaid with such ostentation that the essential meaning and dignity of funeral rites had all but disappeared. |
| How did Bowman believe consumers could avoid the potential for exploitation associated with the materialistic features of contemporary funeral practices? | Becoming aware of the essential social, psychological and spiritual functions of funeral rituals. |
| What became a special target of Mitford's <i>The American Way of Death</i>? | The language used by funeral industry personnel. |
| In light of criticisms of funeral practices, do most people report satisfaction with the quality of service provided by local mortuaries? | Yes |
| As a testament to changing times, cremation providers must check what for valuables? | The tongue, chest, navel, pubic areas and nasal cavity. |
| What has replaced the conventional "selection" room where a fairly large space is filled with caskets of various styles and costs? | High-tech, touchscreen monitors and software that allow families to choose from a larger range of caskets than could be housed in a selection room, and which serve as an information center about products and services. |
| Personalized funerals are preferred as what? | More authentic rituals. |
| Each year in the U.S., what is interred under the ground along with bodies? | 30 million board feet of casket wood 90,000 tons of steel 1.6 million tons of concrete 800,000 gallons of embalming fluid |
| Personalized funerals are also called what? | Life-centered funerals |
| Personalized funerals reflect life rather than what? | Confront the bereaved with beliefs they may not hold. |
| The growing popularity of do-it-yourself last rites has also been called what? | Family-directed funerals, natural funerals, home funerals |
| Do-it-yourself funerals may be guided through the options and negotiations of a complex bureaucracy of conventional funeral rules by whom? | A "death midwife" |
| What does a green burial connote? | Body disposal in a natural setting with no embalming and no casket. The body is wrapped in a shroud or placed in a biodegradable coffin. A natural marker, such as a tree or a special rock may be permitted. |
| What is an eternal reef? | A small, constructed "reef" used in ocean burials that is lowered into the ocean and soon becomes a habitat for sea animals. |
| What are space burials? | Cremated remains are loaded onto a rocket and either launched into space to orbit Earth and descend into the atmosphere where they totally incinerate, or are transported to the Moon or beyond. |
| What is a cyber-funeral? | Webcasting the memorial or funeral. |
| What barriers do cyber-funerals overcome? | Geographic distance, work obligations, religious or spiritual requirements - such as the 24 hour burial custom of Jews, inability to travel due to health, cost of airfare, care of young children |
| High-tech innovations have resulted in electronic gravesite memorials where what? | A small video monitor is installed into a traditional grave marker and displays videos or pictures. |
| What are wearable tombstones? | T-shirts worn as a way of memorializing victims of violence, accidents or illnesses - began in New Orleans. |
| Name four facts about roadside memorials. | Also called descansos (resting places) Spread from a regional southwestern Hispanic usage Not farewells, but efforts to maintain a sense of continuity with the deceased A practice older than roadways and nearly as old as travel itself. |
| What are three examples of spontaneous shrines? | Roadside crosses, cyber memorials and memorial wall art |
| What are the four categories the National Funeral Directors Association distinguishes? | 1. Services provided by the funeral director & mortuary staff, use of mortuary facilities & equipment, casket & merchandise 2. Disposition of the body 3. Memorialization 4. Misc expenses: Clergy member's honorarium, limo, flowers, death notices... |
| What is a columbarium? | Aboveground structure with a series of niches for urns. |
| What is the estimate for how much death care services total in the U.S. each year? | $15.2 billion |
| How many people currently die in the U.S. each year? | 2.4 million |
| Why is it difficult to compare funeral home prices when they are itemized? | Providers do not always offer the same goods and services, and they may have different ways of presenting prices. |
| Funerals have been compared to theatrical presentations because of what? | Certain activities take place "off stage". The backstage area is hidden from the public and is where the body is prepared. |
| What is an "intake fee" in mortuaries? | A charge for transferring a body from the place of death to the mortuary. |
| The FTC allows funeral providers to include the professional service fee as part of what? | The cost of caskets |
| The FTC Funeral Rule specifies what about the fee for professional services in regard to direct cremation and immediate burial? | It must be included in the price quote. |
| When is embalming generally done? | If the body will be viewed during a wake or will be present at the funeral. |
| What does embalming detail? | Removing bodily fluids, including blood, and replacing them with chemicals to disinfect and temporarily retard deterioration of the corpse. |
| When was embalming adopted in the U.S.? | Around the time of the Civil War |
| What is the oldest funeral home in the U.S.? | Kirk & Nice in Philadelphia, founded in 1761. |
| What public event greatly increased awareness of the embalming process? | The funeral procession for President Lincoln, which traveled by train from Washington D.C. to Springfield, IL. |
| What is an alternative to embalming? | Refrigeration |
| What is the most popular casket in the U.S.? | The gasketed steel casket, which is intended to ensure an airtight environment. |
| Do customers have to buy a casket from the funeral home contracted to handle the funeral service and burial? | No, per the FTC. No handling fees may be charged for caskets purchased elsewhere. |
| What major retailer added caskets and urns to its website? | Walmart |
| What commerce did the FTC rule giving customers the right to purchase caskets outside of the funeral home without fees result in? | Casket discounters |
| What must a body be placed in for cremation? | A rigid container, such as a body-sized cardboard box. |
| What are two of the facilities a funeral home may charge for the use of? | Visitation/viewing room Chapel |
| In a Balinese village, what happens to a body until cremation can be afforded? | It is buried, then disinterred and wrapped in cloth. |
| What are funeral and memorial societies? | Nonprofit, cooperative organizations that offer body disposition to members at a reduced cost by providing simplicity and economy in after-death arrangements. |
| What is the method chosen for disposition of a corpse likely to involve? | Social, cultural, religious, psychological and personal considerations. |
| In ancient Greece, from the 6th century B.C.E., not to give a body a tomb was considered what? | Grossly criminal, condemning it to roam the banks of the Styx, the dreaded river of the underworld. |
| Which 3 religions typically practice ground burial? | Judaism, Christianity and Islam |
| Which 2 religions typically favor cremation? | Hindus and Buddhists |
| Among Hindus, cremation is seen as what? | A gesture of purification and symbol of the transitory nature of human life. |
| How does Orthodox Judaism view cremation? | A form of idolatry |
| How long does an unembalmed adult body buried six-feet deep in ordinary soil without a coffin normally take to decompose to a bony skeleton? | 10 - 12 years |
| How long does a child's body take compared to an adult's body to decompose? | About half the time. |
| What factors can hasten or delay body decomposition? | Environmental conditions, coffins, exposure to environment. |
| In very dry, desert climates, heat does what to a body? | Removes the moisture, acting thereby to preserve it. |
| What are dakhmas? | Towers of silence - scaffolds in India where the community disposes of its dead by leaving corpses to be devoured by birds of prey. |
| As followers of Zoroaster, the Parsi community believes what? | Earth, fire, and water are sacred and not to be defiled by the dead. |
| What method of body disposal was practiced by mariners since ancient times? | Burial at sea. |
| Describe Norwegian ship burials of Viking Age present. | The dead were laid in a wooden grave chamber and placed in a ship along with grave goods, and the whole was covered by an earthen mound. |
| Why is body donation a limited option? | Medical schools and other such institutions require few cadavers. |
| What event resulted in a change of military policy in which the ashes of military personnel are now escorted home with dignity and honor? | Major Edward Strombeck was killed on duty, and his ashes were mailed home. |
| What land is said to be the most sacred in the United States? | Arlington National Cemetery |
| What adds to the cost of a burial in a cemetery? | A grave liner or vault. |
| What does a crypt historically refer to? | Subterranean burial vault or chamber. |
| What is a mausoleum? | An above-ground structure of concrete, marble, or other stone in which one or more bodies are entombed. |
| Which are the most expensive crypt spaces? | Those at eye level. |
| How hot is the cremation process? | 2000 - 2500 degrees Fahrenheit |
| In the U.S., when does the practice of cremation date to? | 19th century |
| In Europe, how far back does the practice of cremation date? | At least the Bronze Age. |
| Name two countries in which cremation is the most common method of body disposal. | India and Japan. |
| What percent of bodies are disposed of through cremation in the U.S. currently? | 40% |
| What methods have been used for cremation? | Wood fire, electric or gas retorts. |
| How long does cremation take for an average sized body? | 1 - 1.5 hours |
| Why might a person regret scattering a loved one's ashes in the open? | They have no specific place to visit the deceased. |
| What are haka? | Small, private mausolea that fit on a standard cemetery plot that hold a dozen crematory urns. |
| The expense of burials has resulted in mainstream cemeteries offering what for cremated remains? | Landscaped garden plots that have space for several urns, thereby allowing several generations to be buried and memorialized in a family plot. |
| Name one of the largest and one of the tallest memorial structures. | Taj Mahal and the obelisk in Washington D.C. |
| Name one of the smallest memorials. | Postage stamps. |
| What does a memorial function to do? | Keep interest alive and preserve remembrance. |
| As a general rule, who is responsible for arranging the final disposition of a body? | The next of kin. |
| What has been defined as an organized, purposeful, time-limited, flexible, group-centered response to death? | The funeral |
| The monolithic and stereotypical American funeral is being replaced by what? | A broader range of options reflecting cultural diversity. |
| Traditional practices in burials are being altered by what? | The fast pace of modern life. |
| Why does William Lamers believe that substituting a memorial service for a traditional funeral is lacking? | Does not take place when feelings are most intense; Family is not exposed to fact of death and does not participate as fully in the process; Absence of body removes therapeutic benefit of fixing fact of death in minds of mourners. |
| How do opponents of viewing a body at a funeral describe the practice? | Unseemly, expensive, undignified, unnecessary. |
| In traditional Hawaiian culture, the first year anniversary of the day of death memorial feast is considered what? | One of the three great occasions, included with feast for the first born and marriage. |
| What is the 'aha'aina waimaka? | Feast of tears - the memorial celebration of the first year anniversary of the day of death in traditional Hawaiian culture. |
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