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MoR test 1
Methods of Research Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| descriptive research | social phenoena defined and described |
| evaluation research | describes or identifies the impact of social policies and programs |
| exploratory research | find out how poeple get along in the setting under question, what meanings they give to their actions, and what issues concern them |
| generalizability | when a conclusion holds true for the population, group, stting, or event that we say it does, |
| measurement validity | when an indicator measures what we think it measures |
| sample generalizability | when a conclusion based on a sample (subset) of a larger population hods true for that population |
| validity | when statements or conclusions about empirical reality are correct |
| explanatory research | identify causes and effects of social phenomena and to predict how one phenomena will vary in response to another |
| Cohort | individuals or groups with a common starting point |
| Confidentiality | only researches for specific needs know information that could link respondents to their responses |
| Cross-sectional research design | study in which data are collected at only one point in time |
| Dependent variable | variable that is hypothesized to vary depending on or under the influence of another variable |
| Ecological fallacy | incorrect conclusions about individual-level processes drawn from group-level data |
| Hypothesis | tentative statement about impirical reality |
| Independent variable | variable that is hypothesized to cause variation in another variable |
| Inductive reasoning | type of reasoning that moves from specific to general |
| deductive reasoning | type of reasoning that moves from general to specific |
| Institutional review board (IRB) | group of organizational and community representatives requred by law to review ethical issues in all proposed research |
| Longitudinal research design | study in which data are collected at two or more points in time |
| Certificate of Confidentiality | document issued by the NIH to protect researchers legally requited to disclose confidential information |
| Debriefing | informing subjects after an experiment about the experiment's purposes and methods |
| Obedience experiments (Milgram) | series of experiments conducted during the 60's by stanley milgram; tested subjects' willingness to cause pain to another person if instructed to do so |
| Prison simulation study (Zimbardo) | study by standford psychologist where college students were placed in role as either prisoner or guard; found human readiness to become cruel |
| Tearoom Trade study | laud humphreys investigated social background of men who engage in homosexual behavior in public facilities; did not obtain informed consent. |
| Tuskegee syphilis study | U.S. government study that deliberately left some african american men untreated. |
| Alternate-forms reliability | survey yields same results even when questions are asked in different order or in a different way |
| Closed-ended (fixed-choice) question | survey question that provides preformatted response choices for the respondent to circle or check |
| Concept | mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas |
| Conceptualization | process of specifying what we mean by a term |
| Constant | a number that has a fixed value in a given situation; a characteristic or value that doesn't change |
| Construct validity | validity that is established by showing that a measure is related to other measures as specified in a theory |
| Content validity | validity that exists when the full range of a concepts meaning is covered by the measure |
| Criterion validity | validity that is established by comparing scores obtained on the measure being validated to those obtained with a more direct or already validated measure of the same phenomenon |
| Level of measurement | the mathematical precision with which the values of a variable can be expressed; includes nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio |
| Open-ended question | survey question to which the respondent replies in his own words |
| Operationalization | the process of specifying the operations that will indicate the value of cases on a variable |
| Predictive validity | validity that exists when a measure predicts scores on a criterion measured in the future |
| Reliability | measurement procedure yields consistent scores when phenomenon being measured is not changing |
| Scale | composite measure based on combining the responses to multiple questions pertaining to a common concept after these questions are differentially weighted. questions judged to be more important for the underlying concept contribute more to the score |
| Split-halves reliability | reliability achieved when responses to the same questions by two randomly selected halves of a sample are about the same |
| Test-retest reliability | reliability of scores on a test or survey over time |
| Triangulation | the use of multiple methods to study one research question |
| Unobtrusive measure | measurement based on physical traces or other data that are collected w/o the knowledge or participation of the individuals or groups that generated the data |
| Bar chart | a graphic for qualitative variables in which the variable's distribution is displayed with solid bars separated by spaces |
| Cross-tabulation (crosstab) | two (or more) variable distribution showing the distribution of one variable for each category of another variable |
| Data cleaning | process of checking data for errors after the data have been entered in a computer file |
| Descriptive statistics | statistics used to describe the distribution of and relationship among variables |
| Frequency distribution | numerical display showing the number of cases and percentages of cases corresponding to each value or group of values |
| Inferential statistics | statistics used to estimate how likely it is that a statistical result based on data from a random sample is representative of the population |
| Mean | weighted average computed by adding value of all the cases and dividing by total number of cases |
| Measure of association | a type of descriptive statistic that summarizes the strength of an association |
| Median | the point that divides a distribution in half |
| Mode (probability average) | most frequent value in a distribution |
| Normal distribution | symmetric distribution shaped like a bell and centered around the population mean |
| Range | the true upper limit in a distribution minues the true lower limit |
| Secondary data analysis | analysis of data collected by someone other than the researcher |
| Skewness | the extent to which cases are clustered more at one end or the other rather than being normally distributed |
| Standard deviation | square root of the average squared deviation of each case from the mean |
| Statistical significance | mathematical likelihood that an association is not due to chance |
| Variance | statistic that measures the variability of a distribution as the average squared deviation of each case from the mean |
Created by:
awamba94
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