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FSHN 150- Unit 4
Question | Answer |
---|---|
iron functions (2) | transport protein for oxygen and carbon dioxide, enzyme cofactor (metabolism/antioxidant) |
iron deficiency | anemia (very common) |
causes of iron deficiency | deficient diets, blood loss (menstruation, gut infections) |
iron toxicity | found in children & alcoholics |
heme iron | 25% absorption, found in flesh foods |
non-heme iron | 5% absorption, found in plants |
iron absorption can be decreased by | coffee, tea, fiber |
fluoride anomaly | not proven essential |
fluoride function | hardens teeth and bone |
fluoride deficiency | teeth discoloration, death |
famous Dr. in fluoride | Dr. Frederick McKay (Colo Spgs; mottled but hard teeth) |
water fluoridation pros | widely supported, cheap way to prevent tooth decay |
water fluoridation cons | toxicity?, unnecessary? (overwhelmingly false) |
zinc | function cofactor for >70 enzymes |
zinc deficiency | dwarfism |
phytates | bind & excrete zinc (found in grains/legumes) -> vegetarians must eat a lot of zinc |
storage anomaly of zinc | not mobilized (from bone) during deficiency |
false claims of zinc | colds, stress -> impairs iron absorption, elevates LDL, lowers HDL, impaired immune response |
copper functions (4) | collagen, antioxidant, energy metabolism, iron transport |
copper deficiency anomaly | RDA too high- marginal deficiencies not true |
selenium function | indirect antioxidant |
selenium deficiency | heart disease |
selenium deficiency | liver damage |
selenium unfounded claims | doesn't cure cancer, CVD, sexual dysfunction, eyesight, aging |
enzyme cofactor minerals (for what; toxicity?) | Manganese (energy) , Molybdenum (protein) toxicity only seen in miners |
ultratrace minerals (4) | nickel, silicon, tin, vanadium (cofactors) -> no RDA |
structural minerals (2) | sulfur (AA, B vitamins) cobalt (B 12) |
magnesium function (5) | ATP, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, bone & teeth, cofactor for >300 enzymes |
magnesium deficiency | alcoholics, GI disturbances, critically ill individuals |
chromium functions (2) | glucose tolerance factor, fat/cholesterol metabolism |
chromium deficiency | diabetes-like condition, high blood cholesterol |
frothy top of beer is from | chromium! |
BMI | wt(kg)/ht(m)^2 |
>___ = "obese" (BMI) | 30 |
J-shaped curve catch-22 | could be a flat, then linear curve (10 lbs underweight is not bad) |
% fat for men | 7-20% |
% fat for women | 15-30% |
4 methods for assessing body fat | underwater weighing, skinfold, research methods, easy methods |
easy methods for assessing body fat (3) | pinch >1", waist >chest, ruler across hipbones (should sit flat) |
BMR | basal metabolic rate- breathing & heartbeat (70% of energy expenditure) |
TEF | thermic effect of food- 10% of energy to digest |
EIT | exercise-induced thermogenesis (20-70% of energy expenditure) |
NEAT | non-exercise induced thermogenesis |
BAT | brown adipose tissue- found on babies backs for warmth; energy burned as heat and not energy |
brown adipocytes | protein that uncouples ox/phos w/ ATP production; has more mitochondria |
bomb calorimeter | measures kcal from food |
lab calorimetry (2) | whole-room calorimeter, back-pack gas monitor |
approx. method of measuring energy balance | 0.9 or 1.0 kcal/kg/hr + 45-85% BMR for activity |
android | fat around abdomen (male) |
gynoid | fat around hips (female) |
hypothalamus | regulates and monitors fat mass |
set-point theory | the hypothalamus regulates fat, so one stays at a constant BMI |
liposuction | removed fat returns to the upper body |
early overeating | production of fat cells, very hard to decrease later |
enzyme theory | high LPL -> XS fat accumulation (probably the reverse in most cases) |
leptin | mice- leptin deficiency= overweight humans- don't respond to treatment (leptin- resistant tissues) |
UCPs | uncoupling proteins- lean humans have more UCP, so XS kcal burned off as heat |
various genes & other factors vs. obesity | genes, microflora may contribute to obesity (~70 found so far) |
lack of exercise | disregulates food intake; BMR elevated after exercise |
___ of people in the US are obese | 30% |
_____ of people in the US are overweight | 50% |
ketone bodies | produced during starvation -> provide CNS w/ energy to spare muscle protein |
a weight-loss diet should (4) | provide CHO, provide protein, mobilize TG, incorporate exercise |
fasting | lose fat & LBM |
low- CHO diets | difficult to become ketotic; lypolysis blocked by protein/fat consumption; LBM lost; atherogenic |
VLCD | (very low-calorie diets)-> 500 kcal; very nutrient dense; fast weight loss (requires medical supervision) |
gastric bypass surgery | reduces stomach size; small portions only |
ideal restricted kcal | -1/3 |
"diets that work" (5) | high CHO, low fat, breakfast, weigh frequently, physical activity |
Clive McKay | calorie restriction in rats- longer life w/ optimal nutrition |
calorie restrictive diets- critique | most people overeat cf. early evolution (food sparse) |
fatness acceptance | overweight- 1st obesity category OK if regular exercise and non-smoking |
number 1 food risk | food poisoning |
foodborne infection | microbe grows in tissues |
foodbourne intoxication | microbe by-product is toxic |
GRAS | generally recognized as safe |
food radiation | safe; expensive; originally done by the US military |
___ of cancer is linked to diet | 1/3 |
cancers caused by excess fat | breast, colon, prostate |
XS kcal and cancer | (may explain xs fat & cancer) |
lycopene and cancer | kills cancer cells in prostate and breasts |
4 effects of phytochemicals | antioxidants (potent), apoptosis of cancer cells, block growing of cancer clusters, inhibits vascular disease |
MEOS | microsomal ethanol oxidizing system- metabolizes alcohol |
cirrhosis | failing of the liver due to alcoholism |
ADH (& alcohol) | suppresses this-> (anti-diuretic hormone) & causes dehydration |
HDL & alcohol | elevated & lowers heart attack risk |
appetite & alcohol | increases appetite |
human milk vs. cow/rat | lower in protein and fat |
nutrient requirements for lactation | +500 kcal, +20g protein, +400mg Ca |
undernutrition & lactation | decreased volume (but not composition) |
colostrum | very concentrated milk, has immunoglobulins |
1st 5 minutes of exercise | burn glycogen |
prolonged exercise substrate | fatty acids |
muscle glycogen depletion | exhaustion correlates with this |
glycogen loading | can improve performance 2x |
fit people have more | mitochondria |
glycolysis | anaerobic-> fat oxidation blocked |
lactic acids | results when 2-C units build up in muscle |
____ burns in the flame of ____ | fat, carbohydrate |
carbs right before exercise | blocks FA burning (undesirable) |
carbs during exercise | small amounts (don't want insulin release) |