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FSHN 150- Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| iron functions (2) | transport protein for oxygen and carbon dioxide, enzyme cofactor (metabolism/antioxidant) |
| iron deficiency | anemia (very common) |
| causes of iron deficiency | deficient diets, blood loss (menstruation, gut infections) |
| iron toxicity | found in children & alcoholics |
| heme iron | 25% absorption, found in flesh foods |
| non-heme iron | 5% absorption, found in plants |
| iron absorption can be decreased by | coffee, tea, fiber |
| fluoride anomaly | not proven essential |
| fluoride function | hardens teeth and bone |
| fluoride deficiency | teeth discoloration, death |
| famous Dr. in fluoride | Dr. Frederick McKay (Colo Spgs; mottled but hard teeth) |
| water fluoridation pros | widely supported, cheap way to prevent tooth decay |
| water fluoridation cons | toxicity?, unnecessary? (overwhelmingly false) |
| zinc | function cofactor for >70 enzymes |
| zinc deficiency | dwarfism |
| phytates | bind & excrete zinc (found in grains/legumes) -> vegetarians must eat a lot of zinc |
| storage anomaly of zinc | not mobilized (from bone) during deficiency |
| false claims of zinc | colds, stress -> impairs iron absorption, elevates LDL, lowers HDL, impaired immune response |
| copper functions (4) | collagen, antioxidant, energy metabolism, iron transport |
| copper deficiency anomaly | RDA too high- marginal deficiencies not true |
| selenium function | indirect antioxidant |
| selenium deficiency | heart disease |
| selenium deficiency | liver damage |
| selenium unfounded claims | doesn't cure cancer, CVD, sexual dysfunction, eyesight, aging |
| enzyme cofactor minerals (for what; toxicity?) | Manganese (energy) , Molybdenum (protein) toxicity only seen in miners |
| ultratrace minerals (4) | nickel, silicon, tin, vanadium (cofactors) -> no RDA |
| structural minerals (2) | sulfur (AA, B vitamins) cobalt (B 12) |
| magnesium function (5) | ATP, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, bone & teeth, cofactor for >300 enzymes |
| magnesium deficiency | alcoholics, GI disturbances, critically ill individuals |
| chromium functions (2) | glucose tolerance factor, fat/cholesterol metabolism |
| chromium deficiency | diabetes-like condition, high blood cholesterol |
| frothy top of beer is from | chromium! |
| BMI | wt(kg)/ht(m)^2 |
| >___ = "obese" (BMI) | 30 |
| J-shaped curve catch-22 | could be a flat, then linear curve (10 lbs underweight is not bad) |
| % fat for men | 7-20% |
| % fat for women | 15-30% |
| 4 methods for assessing body fat | underwater weighing, skinfold, research methods, easy methods |
| easy methods for assessing body fat (3) | pinch >1", waist >chest, ruler across hipbones (should sit flat) |
| BMR | basal metabolic rate- breathing & heartbeat (70% of energy expenditure) |
| TEF | thermic effect of food- 10% of energy to digest |
| EIT | exercise-induced thermogenesis (20-70% of energy expenditure) |
| NEAT | non-exercise induced thermogenesis |
| BAT | brown adipose tissue- found on babies backs for warmth; energy burned as heat and not energy |
| brown adipocytes | protein that uncouples ox/phos w/ ATP production; has more mitochondria |
| bomb calorimeter | measures kcal from food |
| lab calorimetry (2) | whole-room calorimeter, back-pack gas monitor |
| approx. method of measuring energy balance | 0.9 or 1.0 kcal/kg/hr + 45-85% BMR for activity |
| android | fat around abdomen (male) |
| gynoid | fat around hips (female) |
| hypothalamus | regulates and monitors fat mass |
| set-point theory | the hypothalamus regulates fat, so one stays at a constant BMI |
| liposuction | removed fat returns to the upper body |
| early overeating | production of fat cells, very hard to decrease later |
| enzyme theory | high LPL -> XS fat accumulation (probably the reverse in most cases) |
| leptin | mice- leptin deficiency= overweight humans- don't respond to treatment (leptin- resistant tissues) |
| UCPs | uncoupling proteins- lean humans have more UCP, so XS kcal burned off as heat |
| various genes & other factors vs. obesity | genes, microflora may contribute to obesity (~70 found so far) |
| lack of exercise | disregulates food intake; BMR elevated after exercise |
| ___ of people in the US are obese | 30% |
| _____ of people in the US are overweight | 50% |
| ketone bodies | produced during starvation -> provide CNS w/ energy to spare muscle protein |
| a weight-loss diet should (4) | provide CHO, provide protein, mobilize TG, incorporate exercise |
| fasting | lose fat & LBM |
| low- CHO diets | difficult to become ketotic; lypolysis blocked by protein/fat consumption; LBM lost; atherogenic |
| VLCD | (very low-calorie diets)-> 500 kcal; very nutrient dense; fast weight loss (requires medical supervision) |
| gastric bypass surgery | reduces stomach size; small portions only |
| ideal restricted kcal | -1/3 |
| "diets that work" (5) | high CHO, low fat, breakfast, weigh frequently, physical activity |
| Clive McKay | calorie restriction in rats- longer life w/ optimal nutrition |
| calorie restrictive diets- critique | most people overeat cf. early evolution (food sparse) |
| fatness acceptance | overweight- 1st obesity category OK if regular exercise and non-smoking |
| number 1 food risk | food poisoning |
| foodborne infection | microbe grows in tissues |
| foodbourne intoxication | microbe by-product is toxic |
| GRAS | generally recognized as safe |
| food radiation | safe; expensive; originally done by the US military |
| ___ of cancer is linked to diet | 1/3 |
| cancers caused by excess fat | breast, colon, prostate |
| XS kcal and cancer | (may explain xs fat & cancer) |
| lycopene and cancer | kills cancer cells in prostate and breasts |
| 4 effects of phytochemicals | antioxidants (potent), apoptosis of cancer cells, block growing of cancer clusters, inhibits vascular disease |
| MEOS | microsomal ethanol oxidizing system- metabolizes alcohol |
| cirrhosis | failing of the liver due to alcoholism |
| ADH (& alcohol) | suppresses this-> (anti-diuretic hormone) & causes dehydration |
| HDL & alcohol | elevated & lowers heart attack risk |
| appetite & alcohol | increases appetite |
| human milk vs. cow/rat | lower in protein and fat |
| nutrient requirements for lactation | +500 kcal, +20g protein, +400mg Ca |
| undernutrition & lactation | decreased volume (but not composition) |
| colostrum | very concentrated milk, has immunoglobulins |
| 1st 5 minutes of exercise | burn glycogen |
| prolonged exercise substrate | fatty acids |
| muscle glycogen depletion | exhaustion correlates with this |
| glycogen loading | can improve performance 2x |
| fit people have more | mitochondria |
| glycolysis | anaerobic-> fat oxidation blocked |
| lactic acids | results when 2-C units build up in muscle |
| ____ burns in the flame of ____ | fat, carbohydrate |
| carbs right before exercise | blocks FA burning (undesirable) |
| carbs during exercise | small amounts (don't want insulin release) |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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