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FSHN- Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| complete protein | all essential amino acids present in optimal balance |
| reference protein | egg white- 100% |
| Kjeldhal method | measures retained N (N retained/N fed) |
| PER | protein efficiency ratio (g lbm gained/g protein fed) |
| complementary proteins | different vegetable sources- covers limiting amino acids |
| infants- g protein per kg | 2.2 |
| children- g protein per kg | 2.0 |
| adults- g protein per kg | 0.8 |
| possible benefit of 100g/d of protein | stronger immune system |
| highest quality plant-based food | quinoa |
| kwashiorkor (& symptoms) | inadequate protein w/ sufficient kcal edema, stunted growth, infections |
| marasmus | deficiency of all nutrients (muscle wasting) |
| activation of enzymes | (by vitamins) apo- to-holo conversion (turn enzymes on and off) |
| apo vs. holo | off vs. on (respectively) |
| provitamin | eaten as a provitamin, then converted to a vitamin after consumption |
| Vitamin A- function | vision, gene expression |
| rhodopsin | (vitamin A) dim light visual acuity |
| vitamin A deficiency (4) | keratinization, eye problems, growth retardation, sterility |
| most common (worldly) deficiency | vitamin A |
| keratinization | vitamin A deficiency- thickened skin tissue |
| xerophthalmia | degeneration of cornea and conjunctiva (vit A deficiency) |
| keratomalacia | ulceration of cornea (vit A deficiency) |
| symptoms of vit A deficiency | teratogen, hypercarotenosis (turn yellow) |
| vitamin D function | calcium homeostasis, transcription |
| vit D & transcription | drives gene expression for calcium binding proteins |
| vit D & UV | 5-30 mins (10am-3pm) 2x per week (make 1/2 vit D) |
| vitamin d deficiency (2) | rickets, osteomalacia |
| vitamin e function | direct antioxidant (quench ROS) |
| ROS | (free radicals) reactive oxygen species ->damage DNA/RNA, phospholipids, proteins |
| vitamin E deficiency is usually caused by | fat malabsorption syndromes |
| vit E deficiencies in premies (2) | eye degeneration, RBC hemolysis |
| vit E deficiencies in adults (2) | fibrocystic breast disease, intermittent claudication (leg cramps) |
| vitamin k function | blood coagulation |
| 2 classifications of vit k | enzyme activity, gene expression |
| where are A, D, K stored? | liver (thus, they're toxic) |
| sources of vitamin K | intestinal bacteria, leafy vegetables |
| deficiency of vit K | primary- rare (secondary; antibiotics, fat malabsorption) *prolonged bleeding |
| vitamin k antagonist & uses (2) | blocks synthesis of k-depending clotting proteins rat poison, blood thinning (for <3 attacks) |
| B1 chemical name | Thiamin |
| vitamin vs. coenzyme | vitaminic= smaller; converted to coenzyme after ingestion |
| function of Thiamin | coenzyme in energy metabolism |
| edema | water retention |
| deficiency of thiamin | beri-beri (confusion, edema, enlarged heart) |
| thiamin coenzyme | TPP |
| B2 chemical name | riboflavin |
| function of riboflavin | oxidation of macronutrients |
| riboflavin + UV | breaks ring structure- no longer functional |
| riboflavin deficiency | (araboflavinosis) cracks around mouth, red & sore skin |
| B3 chemical name | niacin |
| Niacin coenzymes | NADH, NADPH |
| Niacin function | catabolic- macronutrient oxidation anabolic- fat synthesis from XS carbon in liver/adipose |
| niacin deficiency | pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia) |
| pellagra history | corn- has niacytin that binds niacin and blocks absorption (south in early 1900s) |
| what skin does pellagra most commonly affect? | above waist-> hands, arms, around neck |
| niacin equivalents | (NE) niacin + (tryptophan/60) |
| symptom of niacin toxicity | flushing |
| pharmacologic use of niacin | treatment of high cholesterol |
| B6 chemical name | pyridoxine |
| how many vitamers of pyridoxine | 6 |
| coenzyme of pyridoxine | PLP |
| function of pyridoxine | coenzyme for >100 enzymes amino acid & protein metabolism |
| storage of pyridoxine | large- mobilized by starvation, not deficiency |
| deficiency of pyridoxine | anemia, mental confusion, convulsions |
| pharmacological uses of pyridoxine | PMS, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
| toxicity of pyridoxine | tremors, numbness |
| B12 chemical name | cobalamin |
| cobalamin function (3) | synthesis of DNA and RNA, 1-C transfer reactions, myelin synthesis |
| absorption of cobalamin | intrinsic factor (too large to be absorbed alone) |
| homocysteine & cobalamin | cobalamin converts it to methionine (homocysteine is toxic @ high levels) |
| storage of cobalamin | 2 years |
| cobalamin deficiency | pernicious anemia (vegans, loss of intrinsic factor) (anemia, dementia, numbness) |
| cobalamin requirement (anomalies)- 2 | not in plant foods, smallest requirement of all nutrients |
| pernicious anemia cure | intramuscular injection of IF |
| coenzyme form of folic acid | THFA |
| function of folic acid (2) | DNA/RNA synthesis amino acid metabolism |
| deficiency of folic acid (3) | anemia, spina bifida, homocysteinemia |
| if homocysteine builds up... | it can lead to vascular disease |
| spina bifida | spinal column doesn't close during pregnancy- exposed and fluid-filled at birth (death eminent) |
| requirement of folic acid | 400 ug/day |
| lack of folate leads to | vascular disease (thus, sat. fat isn't the only nutritional factor) |
| pantothenic acid function (3) | energy metabolism, fatty acid synthesis (of XS C), synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters |
| deficiency of pantothenic acid | very rare (burning feet- WWII prisoners of war) |
| biotin function | macronutrient metabolism (breakdown of AAs, 2-C units, leucine) |
| avidin | in egg whites- binds biotin and causes deficiency |
| biotin deficiency | dermatitis |
| chemical name of vitamin C | ascorbic acid |
| function of vitamin C (3) | direct antioxidant, coenzyme, non heme iron absorption |
| vitamin C deficiency | scurvy (collagen breakdown -> bleeding... hemorrhage of aorta) |
| pharmacological uses of vC | UTI treatment, decrease cold duration by 20% |
| 5 functions of water | transport, lubricant, protectant, temp reg, water balance |
| water toxicity | hyponatremia (lack of sodium) |
| 1 vol bottled water= | 2 vol oil |
| sodium function | pumped out of cells- K in (draws water in) |
| potassium functions (3) | water balance, heartbeat, nerve impulses |
| chloride functions (2) | water/electrolyte balance, stomach acid |
| calcium functions (7) | bone, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood pressure, blood clotting, cellular adhesion, cofactor |
| calcium deficiency | osteoporosis |
| max bone density age range | 30-45 |
| what vitamin aids calcium absorption? | vitamin D |
| calcium RDA | 1000 mg/day |
| best (cost-effective) Ca supplement | calcium carbonate |
| what disorder does Ca alleviate? | PMS |
| phosphorus functions (2) | bone structure, structural component (ATP, phospholipids....) |
| phosphorus deficiency- most common cause | aluminum hydroxide (blocks absorption) |
| iodine function | structural element in thyroid hormones |
| iodine deficiency | goiter (sluggishness, fetal defects) |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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