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FSHN 150- Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| enzymes & ingestion | enzymes cannot be absorbed as such (absorbed as protein) |
| enzyme for CHO found in the mouth | salivary amylase |
| salivary amylase converts CHO into ___ | dextrins |
| enzyme for CHO found in small intestine | pancreatic amylase |
| pancreatic amylase converts ___ into ___ | dextrins into disaccharides |
| enterocytes convert ___ into ____ (CHO) | disaccharides into monosaccharides |
| enzymes that break down disaccharides | disaccharidases |
| CHO metabolism in liver | fructose/galactose -> glucose |
| storage amt of glycogen | 12 hours |
| storage amt of fat | 1 month |
| when C-C bonds break, energy is (2) | captured as ATP (50%), released as heat (50%) |
| anaerobic respiration | glycolysis (1/15 as much ATP as aerobic) occurs in cytosol |
| aerobic respiration | oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria |
| TCA | tricarboxylic acid |
| ___ more energy from fat than glucose (during exercise) | 3x |
| gluconeogenesis | amino acids in muscle- broken down to glucose for CNS |
| anabolic | builds up |
| catabolic | breaks down |
| normal blood glucose range | 70-99 mg/dL |
| whole food types of concentrated sugars (3) | sugar cane, sugar beets, honey |
| molasses has a small amount of what essential nutrient? | iron (from extraction equipment) |
| corn syrup | starch converted enzymatically to glucose and fructose |
| high-fructose corn syrup | (sweeter than corn syrup) -> converted to have more fructose than glucose |
| problem with HFCS | consumed in high amounts, is lipogenic (inc. blood lipids) |
| dextrose | isolated glucose (from corn syrup) |
| luvulose | isolated fructose (from corn syrup) |
| ____% of American calories come from fructose | 12-14% (60g) |
| >___% of caloric intake from fructose can cause brain/heart disease | 15% |
| which population of people eat the most HFCS? (how much?) | hispanic inner-city males- 25% |
| hypertriglyceridemia | chronic high blood triglycerides (risk factor for CHD) |
| total sugars account for ___% of total kcal | 37% |
| saccharin (name, sweetness, problems (2)) | oldest -> sweet 'n low; 300x than sucrose; bladder cancer, bad aftertaste |
| aspartame (made of, name, problems (2)) | phenylalanine & aspartic acid Equal heat sensitive, PKU can't eat it (phenylalanine) |
| cyclamate (problems (2)) | (illegal in US) causes cancer, short shelf life |
| sugar alcohols (3, composition, benefit, problem) | sorbitol, manitol, xylitol additional hydroxy group doesn't cause cavities (bacteria can't metabolize it) causes diarrhea |
| sucralose (name, composition, benefit) | splenda, added Cl, heat-stable |
| stevia (name, extract) | Truvia, S. American plant extract |
| agave nectar | primarily fructose and glucose |
| Olestra | a fat substitute |
| beri beri | thiamin deficiency (white rice consumption in Asia) |
| US Enrichment Act | flours must be enriched with Fe, B1, B2, B3 (still less nutritious) |
| hypoglycemia | low blood sugar (too much insulin causes temporary low blood glucose) |
| spontaneous hypoglycemia | rare & serious -> excessive insulin production (seizures, unconsciousness) |
| type 1 diabetes | 5-10% of diabetics (pancreas fails to produce insulin) |
| type 2 diabetes | 90-95% of diabetics (tissues become resistant to insulin -> pancreas over-secretes insulin) |
| diseases caused by diabetes | heart disease, stroke, blindness, peripheral vascular disease |
| Syndrome X | high blood glucose, high blood pressure, low HDL, elevated glucose, elevated triglycerides, abdominal obesity |
| lactose intolerance | bacteria split lactose in colon- flatulence, bloating, diarrhea |
| world frequency of lactose intolerance | 80% |
| northern European lactose intolerance | 10% |
| US avg lactose intolerance | 15% |
| dental caries | bacterial acid released if CHO present- causes cavities |
| glycemic index | (blood glucose area under curve for 50g test food)/(blood glucose area under curve for 50g of glucose) |
| glycemic load | adjusts GI for varying CHO in foods (GI x CHO content) |
| high & low GI | <55, >70 |
| high & low GL | <15, >20 |
| # (& names) of fat soluble vitamins | 4 (ADEK) |
| # of carbons in saturated fats | 16 or 18 |
| # of carbons in unsaturated fats | 18 or 20 |
| name of Ω-6 FA | linoleic acid |
| name of Ω-3 FA | alpha linolenic acid |
| # of possible carbons in FAs | 4-24 (even #s) |
| naming convention of essential fatty acids | dbl bond is x # of carbons from methyl end |
| two functions of essential fatty acids | membrane fluidity, can be converted to eicosanoids |
| structure of triglycerides | glycerol + 3 FAs |
| what % of lipids are triglycerides? | 95% |
| structure of phospholipids | 2 FAs, glycerol- 3rd C w/ phosphate & N-containing base |
| what % of lipids are phospholipids? | 3% |
| function of phospholipids | cell membrane bilipid layer |
| structure of sterols (cholesterol) | 4 fused rings |
| functions of cholesterol (4) | membrane fluidity, sex hormones, vitamin D, bile synthesis |
| the more unsaturated the diet... | the more unsaturated your tissue is |
| rancidity is caused by | oxygenation |
| rancidity is prevented by | hydrogenation |
| trans fats are banned in | New York City |
| cis vs. trans structure | cis- carbons on same side of dbl bond trans- carbons on opposite side of dbl bond |
| how things are hydrogenated | hydrogen is added under pressure |
| eicosanoids | hormone-like regulatory compounds |
| 18:2 EFA | omega-6 |
| 18:3 EFA | omega-3 |
| length of eicosanoids | 20-24 Cs |
| 5 biological effects of eicosanoids | blood pressure, blood clotting, smooth muscle contraction, airways, immune system |
| COX | (cyclooxygenase) convertes n-3 & n-6 into eicosanoids |
| arachidonic acid | from n-6 FAs (to make eicos. #1) |
| eicosanoid #1 | thromboxane A2 increases platelet aggregation & blood vessel contraction (increased risk of heart attack) |
| EPA ratio | 20:5 n-3 |
| DHA ratio | 22:6 n-3 |
| eicosanoid #2 | prostacyclin L2 increases platelet disaggregation & blood vessel dialation |
| EPA and DHA are synthesized w/ ___ efficiency | 1-2% |
| EPA & DHA are termed | long chain Ω-3 FAs |
| 4 health benefits of EPA & DHA | blocks heart attacks, blocks early baby delivery, lowers blood TG, lowers pain from rheumatoid arthritis |
| Americans eat what ratio of Ω-6 to Ω-3 | 15:1 |
| humans should eat ____ (ratio) Ω-6 to Ω-3 | 2:1 |
| 3 sources of EPA & DHA (& 1 insufficient) | cold water fish, eggs from fish-fed hens, supplements -> flax |
| recommended intake of Ω-3 FAs | 500 mg |
| ___% of kcal are required as essential fatty acids | 3% |
| high blood cholesterol is caused by | high TG intake (90% of Americans) |
| enterogastrone | decreases motility of stomach lining (slower emptying) |
| composition of bile | cholesterol, AAs, lecithin |
| lingual lipase | from salivary glands |
| phospholipids are broken down by | lysolecithinase |
| cholesterol is broken down by | cholesterol esterase |
| chylomicrons | carry diet fat via lymph |
| LPL | on inside of blood vessels- removes dietary TGs from passing CMs |
| adipocytes | energy storage for all tissues |
| myocytes | energy storage for muscle during exercise |
| time it takes for LPL to clear all CMs of TGs | ~3 hours |
| VLDL | (very low density lipoprotein) transports TG + cholesterol + CM remnant through blood (LPL extracts) |
| LDL | very high in cholesterol (VLDL remnant) -> delivers cholesterol to rest of body **causes atherosclerosis |
| HDL | synthesized from CM remnant, removes cholesterol from cells |
| 3 major fat sources for Americans | fats/oils, flesh foods, dairy |
| ratio of different fats (dietary) | 1:1:1 (10% from each) |
| dyslipidemia | high blood cholesterol and/or high blood TGs |
| athersclerosis | characterized by plaque that accumulates on inside of vessel walls -> hardening of arteries |
| plaque constituents | cholesterol, Ca, clots |
| coronary heart disease | when thrombus gets stuck in heart arteries, blocks blood flow |
| thrombus | blood clot |
| ischemia | tissue death |
| angina | pain in chest/arm -> warning sign of atherosclerosis |
| occlusive stroke | restricted blood delivery |
| hemorrhagic stroke | pressure buildup -> blood vessel bursts -> compresses surrounding tissue |
| top 2 risk factors for CVD | smoking, high blood pressure (nutrition 3rd-5th) |
| low risk blood cholesterol | <200 mg/dL |
| borderline risk blood cholesterol | 200-240 mg/dL |
| high risk blood cholesterol | >240 mg/dL (300= dangerous) |
| benefit of polyunsaturated fat | lowers blood cholesterol |
| benefit of soluble fiber (in lipid context) | lowers blood cholesterol (binds & blocks reabsorption of bile) |
| amino acids are connected by | peptide bonds |
| how many amino acids? | 20 |
| constituents of amino acids (4) | amino group, acid group, carbon backbone, r-group |
| 8 essential amino acids | leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan |
| 2 semi-essential amino acids | arginine, histidine |
| when are conditionally essential amino acids essential? | rapid growth of lean body mass |
| how many different proteins are there? (in humans) | 100,000 |
| stomach's role in protein digestion | acid denatures proteins |
| pepsin | digestive enzyme for proteins in stomach |
| peptides | smaller fragments made in stomach from proteins |
| proteases (2 sources) | split peptides into amino acids (pancreas, enterocytes) |
| lean body mass | total protein mass of body |
| what % of body weight is lean body mass? | 40-45% |
| nitrogen and protein | bodily nitrogen's only source is protein N x 6.25 = protein |
| central dogma | DNA-RNA-protein |
| transcription | in nucleus |
| translation | in cytoplasm |
| what % of energy does "central dogma" use up? | 25% |
| 5 uses of proteins | growth/maintenance, enzymes, antibodies, fluid balance, acid/base balance, energy substrate |
| excess protein intake | nitrogen is urinated out carbon is stored as glycogen/fat |
| problems w/ excess protein intake | loss of calcium and zinc; dehydration |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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