vet2205 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
a positively charged electrode | anode |
a negatively charged electrode | cathode |
the ability of a substance to emit visible light | fluorescence |
a bundle of radiant energy | quanta |
a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light but of shorter wavelength | xrays |
the area of the focal spot consisting of a coiled wire that is perpendicular to the surface of the target | actual focal spot |
a phenomenon in which metal deposits on the inner wall of the envelope act as a secondary anode, thereby attracting electrons from the cathode | arching |
a restricting device used to control the size of the primary xray beam | collimator |
the control panel of the xray machine | console |
the area of the focal spot that is visible through the xray tube window and directed toward the xray film | effective focal spot |
part of a low energy circuit in the cathode that when heated releases electron from orbit | filament |
a recessed area where the filament lies, directing the electrons toward the anode | focusing cup |
a glass vacuum tube that contains the anode and cathode of the xray tube | glass envelope |
a decrease of xray intensity on the anode side of the xray beam caused by the anode target angle | heel effect |
the amount of electrical energy being applied to the anode and cathode to accelerate the electrons from the cathode to the anode | kilovoltage |
the peak energy of the xrays which determines the quality, penetrating power, of the xray beam | kilovoltage peak |
the effect of making the actual focal spot size appear smaller when viewed from the position of the film because of the angle of the target to the electron stream | line focus principle |
the amount of electrical energy being applied to the filament, this describes the number of xrays produced during the exposure | milliamperage |
partial outer shadow of an object imaged by illumination | penumbra |
process of changing alternating current to direct current | rectification |
an anode that turns on an axis to increase xray production while dissipating heat | rotating anode |
a non moving anode usually found in dental and small portable radiography units | stationary anode |
target | anode |
controls the length of exposure | timer switch |
a common metal used in the filament of a cathode | tungsten |
allow the flow of electrons in one direction only, commonly called self-rectifiers | valve tube |
a mechanism consisting of an anode and a cathode in a vacuum that produces a controlled xray beam | xray tube |
filaments located in an xray tube | are found in the anode |
the anodes target is | composed of tungsten, usually has a copper base, reaches temperatures in excess of 1000 c during xray production |
what would be the limitations of the stationary anode | it is unable to withstand large amounts of heat |
how can the technician help to prolong the life of the filament in the xray tube | always leave the xray unit in the standby mode |
what is a possible effect of excessive heat within an xray tube | roughened target surface |
a small amount of air within the glass envelope is beneficial because it helps dissipate heat (true/false) | false |
veterinary patients have a tendency to move while being positioned for radiographs to be taken, the radiographer should help to safely prevent artifacts of movement by | using the shortest exposure time possible |
what is recommended to reduce unnecessary irradiation of the patient or persons restraining the patient and to decrease scatter radiation | adjustment of the collimator so that the smallest field size possible is used |
xray tube ratings are based on target angle, focal spot size, electrical current and | its alloy composition |
the quantity of energy imparted by ionizing radiations to matter | absorbed dose |
the quantity obtained by multiplying the absorbed dose in tissue by the quality factor | dose equivalent |
a device used to measure radiation exposure to personnel | dosimeter |
various methods used to measure radiation exposure to personnel | dosimetry |
a method of dosimetry consisting of a plastic holder with a radiation sensitive film in a light proof package | film badge |
a special radiographic diagnostic method in which a live view of the internal anatomy is possible | fluoroscopy |
effects of radiation that occur to the genes of reproductive cells | genetic damage |
the unit of absorbed dose imparted by ionizing radiations to matter | gray (Gy) |
anatomic areas where red blood cells are produced | hemopoietic |
anatomic areas where white blood cells are produced | leukopoietic |
the maximum dose of radiation a person may receive in a given time period | maximum permissible dose |
a method of dosimetry consisting of a charged ion chamber and electrometer which can be read immediately to determine the amount of exposure | pocket ionization chamber |
the path that the xrays follow as they leave the tube | primary beam |
commonly called scatter radiation it is caused by interaction of the primary beam with objects in its path | secondary radiation |
the dose of radiation equivalent to the absorbed dose in tissue | sivert (Sv) |
damage to the body induced by radiation that becomes manifest within the lifetime of the recipient | somatic damage |
a method of dosimetry consisting of a chamber containing special compounds that become electrically altered by ionizing radiation | thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) |
what are some examples of somatic damage | cancer, cataracts, aplastic anemia, sterility |
what would an example of genetic damage be | gene mutation |
genetic damage is not detectable until future generations are produced (true/false) | true |
the body's cells are all approximately equally sensitive to radiation (true/false) | false |
ionizing radiation only damages chromosomal material (DNA) within reproductive cells (true/false) | false |
chemical restraint of veterinary patients is prohibited by NCRP in the united states (true/false) | false |
what is the upper limit of exposure that an occupationally exposed individual may receive according to state and federal regulations | 0.05 Sv/year |
animals cells are not as susceptible to damage from irradiation as human cells (true/false) | false |
radiation can affect the body's ability to produce red and white blood cells (true/false) | true |
exposure to radiation can affect the lens by causing cataracts (true/false) | true |
individuals younger than 18 years of age may not assist with animal restrain while radiographs are taken (true/false) | true |
what type of dosimeter can be stored for years, maintains its information, and can be reused | thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) |
veterinary personnel who restrain animals for radiographs are often exposed to the primary beam (true/false) | false |
scatter radiation can be reduced by the collimator (true/fals) | true |
aluminum filtration helps to increase soft less penetrating xrays thus increasing the quality of the radiograph (true/false) | false |
scatter radiation is produced by the primary beam interacting with the anode (true/false) | false |
scatter radiation depends on | beam intensity, compositive of the structure being radiographed, kVp level |
the most conclusive method used to inspect lead lined gloves and aprons for cracks and defects is to | take a radiograph of it |
what is the thickness of the lead impregnated rubber lining protective apparel in veterinary radiography | 0.5 mm |
a device used to measure the thickness of anatomic parts | caliper |
the measurable difference between two adjacent densities | contrast |
the degree of blackness on a radiograph | density |
the period of time during which xrays are permitted to leave the xray tube | exposure time |
the intensity of the raidation varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source | inverse square law |
the energy related to motion | kinetic energy |
the number of xrays produced over a given period, calculated by multiplying the millamperage by the time | milliamperage-seconds (mAs) |
a method of estimating kilovoltage in relation to the area of thickness | santes rule |
the formula for santes rule | (2 X thickness) + 40 = kVp |
the distance between the source of xrays and the image receptor or film | source image distance |
the process of releasing electrons from their atomic orbits by heat | thermionic emission |
a way to decrease the number of personnel in the radiology suite can include | sedating patients |
ways to increase penetrating power of xrays include | increasing kVp |
the milliamperage-seconds (mAs) for 1000 mA and 1/10 second is | 100 mAs |
according to santes rule if a cats abomen measure 12 cm kVp is | 64 |
the source image distance | must be considered each time the control panel is set |
one percent of energy produce at the anode is in the form of | xrays |
the temperature of the filament within the cathode is controlled by | mA setting |
the total number of xrays produced is determined by the kVp (true/false) | false |
longer wavelengths have more penetrating power (true/false) | false |
the intensity of xrays increase as the source image distance increases (true/false) | true |
xrays diverge from a light source (true/false) | false |
the potential difference between the anode and cathode is measured in | kilovolts |
a higher kVp setting allows for a _____ mAs and _____ exposure time | lower;lower |
process of scattering or reflecting radiation in the opposite direction from that intended, radiation that is reflected from behind the image plane back to the image | backscatter |
two parallel or two focused grids that are set at right angles also called crisscross grid | crossed grid |
distortion of anatomic structures so that the image appears longer than actual size, owing to the xray beam not being directed perpendicular to the film surface | elongation |
a grid with parallel center lead strip and inclined strips on either side that radiate at progressively greater angles | focused grid |
distortion of anatomic structures when the image appears shorter than actual size due to the plane of interest not being parallel to the film surface | foreshortening |
variation in normal size and shape of anatomic structures due to their position in relation to the xray source and film | geometric distortion |
loss of detail due to geometric distortion | geometric unsharpness |
a device made of lead strips embedded in a spacing material, placed between the patient and the film, designed to absorb non image forming radiation | grid |
a progressive decrease in transmitted xray intensity caused by absorption of primary xrays by the grid lines | grid cutoff |
the ability of a grid to absorb non image forming radiation in the production of a quality radiograph | grid efficiency |
the amount of exposure needs to be increased to compensate for the grids absorption of a portion of the primary beam | grid factor |
the distance between the source of xrays and the grid in which the grid is effective without grid cutoff | grid focus |
the relation of the height of the lead strips to the distance between them | grid ratio |
grid in which the lead strips are parallel | linear grid |
the number of lead strips per centimeter area of a grid | lines per centimeter |
distortion of anatomic structures when the image appears larger than actual size | magnification |
a mechanical device that consists of a focused grid within diaphragm which moves the grid across the cray beam during an exposure | potter bucky diaphragm |
a grid with parallel lead strips that are progressively reduced in height toward the edges of the grid | pseudofocused grid |
the definition of the edge of an anatomic structure on a radiograph | radiographic detail |
non image forming radiation that is scattered in all directions because of objects in the path of the xray beam | scatter radiation |
the difference in density and mass of two adjacent anatomic structures | subject contrast |
a grid with lead strips that are parallel and at right angles to the film also called a parallel grid | unfocused grid |
what increases radiographic density | increased mAs |
what type of radiograph would have the shortest scale | one of a femur |
high subject contrast ___ radio0graphic contrast | increases |
where is the tungsten filament located | in the cathode |
where is the tungsten target located | on the anode |
soft xrays can penetrate the patient and increase exposure, however they are beneficial to the finished radiograph (true/false) | false |
what is one disadvantage of a small focal spot | less heat dissipation |
when is a grid utilized | when the area being xrayed is > 10cm |
what is the heel effect | unequal distribution of xray beam intensity |
what should be done to take advantage of the heel effect | put the thickest part of the patient closer to the cathode |
what is the most common cause of tube failure | filament evaporation |
the higher the kVp the lower the overall contrast (true/false) | true |
the thicker the tissues the greater the subject density and more xray absorption with more absorption the whiter the radiograph will appear (true/false) | true |
the potter buckey diaphragm is used to decrease the amount of weak xray beams leaving the xray tube (true/false) | true |
the type of film can affect the scale of contrast (true/false) | true |
because of the inverse square law, if the FFD is double then the mAs must be decreased four times to maintain the same radiographic density (true/false) | false |
the lower the kVp the more scatter radiation will be produced (true/false) | false |
the air gap technique decreased the amount of scatter produced (true/false) | true |
what type of radiograph should have the shortest scale of contrast | femur |
high subject contrast ____ radiographic contrast | increases |
if kVp is too low for an abdominal radiograph which of the following will be evident on a radiograph | no distinct difference exists among anatomic organs, penetrating power is weak and xrays cant penetrate the patient, radiograph will have a "soot and white washed" apperance |
what do grids contain that controls scatter radiation | lead |
where is the grid located | between the patient and the cassette |
to prevent magnification and distortion of an object being radiographed the patient must | be as parallel to the film as posssible, be as close to the film as possible |
if a dog is being radiographed for hip dysplasia what phenomenon will occur if the femurs are not parallel to the film | foreshortening |
the walls of the darkroom should be white or cream colored because | more reflection of the safelight is produced providing a more visible working environment |
what is true reguarding safelights | they must be at least 4 feet from the work area |
what is not a permanent type of film label | sharpie |
unexposed silver halide crystals remaining on the film are removed at what stage | fixing |
a higher grid ratio (more strips) mean that | more scatter radiation is absorbed |
foreshortening is most often seen with what type of bones | long |
the most efficient beam limiting device to reduce scatter is | collimator |
how can you prevent false narrowing | make several exposures of the vertebral column centering over the different areas, center the primary beam over the joint of interest |
what happens when the OFD is increased | increases penumbra on a radiograph |
why do you not want film fogging to appear on a radiograph | non-diagnostic film, not crisp edges |
what is the minimal information needed to label a film properly | patient first, last name, owner name, clinic name, date |
what are two advantages of the potter bucky mechanism | lowers amount of scatter radiation, provides more crisp images |
if the FFD is increased from 32" to 72" the mAs must be ____ to maintain the same radiographic density | increased |
If the FFS is increased radiographic detail will be | decreased |
what are the cranial thoraic landmarks | manubrium sterni |
what are the caudal thoraic landmarks | 1/2 way between the xyphoid process and last rib |
what do you center over for a thoraic radiograph | the heart |
what are the cranial abdominal landmarks | 3 rib space cranial to xyphoid process |
what are the caudal abdominal landmarks | greater trochanter |
what do you center over for an abdominal radiograph | over the last rib |
what is the proper order for manual processing of films | develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry |
what is the total time film should be placed in the fixer | two times the developing time |
how does kvp affect scatter radiation | as kvp increases scatter radiation increases |
what is the minimum distance in feet that a safelight in the darkroom should be away from the work site | 4 |
the main purpose of the xray developer is to | convert the exposed silver halide crystals into black metalic silver |
the main purpose of the xray fixer is to | clear away the unexposed, undeveloped silver halide crystals |
a sievert (SV) is the | unit of radiation dose equivalent to the absorbed dose in tissue |
when taking radiographs you should whenever possible use | decreased exposure time, increased distance from radiation sources and increased shielding |
scatter radiation on a film is more noticeable if there is | higher kvp, thicker patient, and larger field size |
a grid is indicated when a body part exceeds what thickness | 10 cm |
what type of dosimeter can be stored for years, maintains its information, and can be reused | thermoluminescent dosimeter |
low kvp produces | a short scale of contrast |
the annual maximum permissible dose stand of radiation for anyone working with radiographs is | 5 rem |
dosimetery badges should be | worm on a collar outside the apron |
when taking a lateral thoracic radiograph you should make sure the spine and sternum are | equidistant (parallel) on the table |
tube saturation can occur with a | to low kvp reading |
what absorbs the most xrays | metal |
what direction should a grid move in relation to the grid lines in order to blur the lines | perpendicular to the grid lines |
if the focal film distance is increased by a factor of 2, how must the ma be adjusted to maintain density | increased by a factor of 4 |
what factor does not affect the amount of penumbra on a radiographic film and does not contribute to the pneumbra | kvp |
how do low grade light leaks in the darkroom affect film quality | they decrease film quality by increasing overall fog of the film |
what is the total time the film should be placed in the fixer | two times the developing time |
what would happen if exposed film were accidentally placed in the fixer before being placed in the developer | the radiographic film becomes clear |
foreshortening occurs when radiographing a long bone and | the bone is not parallel to the cassette |
when radiographing a joint why is it important to center the primary beam on the joint | to maximize joint space and minimize false narrowing |
the degree of blackness on a radiograph is | contrast |
if a radiograph includes many shades of gray, what is also true regarding the image | low contrast, low kvp |
when viewing a radiograph of a laterally positioned animal | the head should face the viewers left with the spine at the top |
an overexposed film appears____; to correct this____ | to dark; decrease mas or kvp |
what action is taken if it is difficult to see anatomic silhouettes on an abdominal film and the film is to light | increase kvp by 10% to 15%; shorten wavelength; increase penetrating power |
a thoracic film is too dark; the bone tissue is relatively white; what is the next step | decrease mas by 50% |
grid cuttoff can be best described as | incorrect use of the grid, so that the grid absorbs more radiation than it should |
for proper radiograph exposure, a radiograph should be taken during the maximum | expiration for the abdomen, inspiration for the thorax |
elongation and foreshortening of anatomic structure are associated with | geometric distortion |
if the ma is set at 300, and the time is set at 1/60 the mas is | 5 |
the ideal temperature of the chemicals for manual radiograph processing is | 68 F |
if a radiograph is too light, and the image appears under penetrated, you should | increase kvp by 10% to 15% |
if a radiograph is to dark and image appears over penetrated you should | decrease kvp by 10% to 15% |
the workplace program that has been developed to ensure radiation exposure are kept as low as possible is | ALARA |
a radiograph with appropriate density and contrast appears to have a black tree pattern; what is the most likely cause of this | improper film handeling |
what would most likely cause generalized heavy lines on a radiograph | grid problems, roller marks from the processor |
where should the marker be placed for a limb radiographed in lateral recumbency | cranial to the limb |
how often are radiation monitoring film badge reports usually submitted | monthly |
a film is too dark with minimal contrast; what is the most appropriate adjustment | decrease kvp |
the tungsten plate (target) is located where on the xray machine | anode |
the distance between the xray tube and the film is the | focal film distance |
when creating a technique chart, you should have a patient that weighs approximately___, is not overweight, and measure between___ | 40lbs, 10-20cms |
the limb closest to the cassette should be pulled slightly cranial for a lateral pelvic view (true/false) | true |
any rvt may perform a pennhip radiograph for certification, as long as you are a registered veterianry technician (true/false) | false |
the center landmark for an extended pelvic view is the sacroiliac region (true/false) | true |
barium and iodine are examples of what type of contrast media | positive |
type of anode found in dental units | stationary |
regulates the voltage difference between the anode and the cathode | kvp |
determines the number of electrons produced inside the xray tube | mas |
films ability to convert absorbed xrays into visible light | screen speed |
the degree of sharpness that defines the edge of an anatomic structure | detail |
the amount of blackness on a film | density |
opacity/density difference between two areas on an xray | contrast |
range of different opacities on a radiograph | latitude |
measure of radiation exposure or xray machine output | roentgen |
unit equal to the absorbed dose multiplied by a qualifying factor | rem |
usually located between the patient and the image receptor; absorbs scatter radiation | grid |
converts xrays into fluorescent light allowing for a lower ma setting | intensifying screen |
lower energy xray photons that have undergone a change in direction after interacting with structures in the patients body | scattered radiation |
decrease in energy of the xray photons as they pass through matter | rotating |
brightness mode ultrasound image display | b mode |
a structure on the ultrasound image that appears bright or white compared with adjacent structures | hyperechoic |
attenuation of energy of the ultrasound beam as it passes through different tissues | acoustic impedance |
time motion ultrasound imaging mode where the motion of the body is observed by scanning a thing slice of it over time | m mode |
the energy of the returning energy is shown as an amplitude spike at each tissue interface when the ultrasound is in this mode | a mode |
a structure on the ultrasound image that is of equal echogenicity to another structure | isoechoic |
a structure in the ultrasound image that does not produce echoes and appears black | anechoic |
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