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vet2205
midterm crap
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a positively charged electrode | anode |
| a negatively charged electrode | cathode |
| the ability of a substance to emit visible light | fluorescence |
| a bundle of radiant energy | quanta |
| a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light but of shorter wavelength | xrays |
| the area of the focal spot consisting of a coiled wire that is perpendicular to the surface of the target | actual focal spot |
| a phenomenon in which metal deposits on the inner wall of the envelope act as a secondary anode, thereby attracting electrons from the cathode | arching |
| a restricting device used to control the size of the primary xray beam | collimator |
| the control panel of the xray machine | console |
| the area of the focal spot that is visible through the xray tube window and directed toward the xray film | effective focal spot |
| part of a low energy circuit in the cathode that when heated releases electron from orbit | filament |
| a recessed area where the filament lies, directing the electrons toward the anode | focusing cup |
| a glass vacuum tube that contains the anode and cathode of the xray tube | glass envelope |
| a decrease of xray intensity on the anode side of the xray beam caused by the anode target angle | heel effect |
| the amount of electrical energy being applied to the anode and cathode to accelerate the electrons from the cathode to the anode | kilovoltage |
| the peak energy of the xrays which determines the quality, penetrating power, of the xray beam | kilovoltage peak |
| the effect of making the actual focal spot size appear smaller when viewed from the position of the film because of the angle of the target to the electron stream | line focus principle |
| the amount of electrical energy being applied to the filament, this describes the number of xrays produced during the exposure | milliamperage |
| partial outer shadow of an object imaged by illumination | penumbra |
| process of changing alternating current to direct current | rectification |
| an anode that turns on an axis to increase xray production while dissipating heat | rotating anode |
| a non moving anode usually found in dental and small portable radiography units | stationary anode |
| target | anode |
| controls the length of exposure | timer switch |
| a common metal used in the filament of a cathode | tungsten |
| allow the flow of electrons in one direction only, commonly called self-rectifiers | valve tube |
| a mechanism consisting of an anode and a cathode in a vacuum that produces a controlled xray beam | xray tube |
| filaments located in an xray tube | are found in the anode |
| the anodes target is | composed of tungsten, usually has a copper base, reaches temperatures in excess of 1000 c during xray production |
| what would be the limitations of the stationary anode | it is unable to withstand large amounts of heat |
| how can the technician help to prolong the life of the filament in the xray tube | always leave the xray unit in the standby mode |
| what is a possible effect of excessive heat within an xray tube | roughened target surface |
| a small amount of air within the glass envelope is beneficial because it helps dissipate heat (true/false) | false |
| veterinary patients have a tendency to move while being positioned for radiographs to be taken, the radiographer should help to safely prevent artifacts of movement by | using the shortest exposure time possible |
| what is recommended to reduce unnecessary irradiation of the patient or persons restraining the patient and to decrease scatter radiation | adjustment of the collimator so that the smallest field size possible is used |
| xray tube ratings are based on target angle, focal spot size, electrical current and | its alloy composition |
| the quantity of energy imparted by ionizing radiations to matter | absorbed dose |
| the quantity obtained by multiplying the absorbed dose in tissue by the quality factor | dose equivalent |
| a device used to measure radiation exposure to personnel | dosimeter |
| various methods used to measure radiation exposure to personnel | dosimetry |
| a method of dosimetry consisting of a plastic holder with a radiation sensitive film in a light proof package | film badge |
| a special radiographic diagnostic method in which a live view of the internal anatomy is possible | fluoroscopy |
| effects of radiation that occur to the genes of reproductive cells | genetic damage |
| the unit of absorbed dose imparted by ionizing radiations to matter | gray (Gy) |
| anatomic areas where red blood cells are produced | hemopoietic |
| anatomic areas where white blood cells are produced | leukopoietic |
| the maximum dose of radiation a person may receive in a given time period | maximum permissible dose |
| a method of dosimetry consisting of a charged ion chamber and electrometer which can be read immediately to determine the amount of exposure | pocket ionization chamber |
| the path that the xrays follow as they leave the tube | primary beam |
| commonly called scatter radiation it is caused by interaction of the primary beam with objects in its path | secondary radiation |
| the dose of radiation equivalent to the absorbed dose in tissue | sivert (Sv) |
| damage to the body induced by radiation that becomes manifest within the lifetime of the recipient | somatic damage |
| a method of dosimetry consisting of a chamber containing special compounds that become electrically altered by ionizing radiation | thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) |
| what are some examples of somatic damage | cancer, cataracts, aplastic anemia, sterility |
| what would an example of genetic damage be | gene mutation |
| genetic damage is not detectable until future generations are produced (true/false) | true |
| the body's cells are all approximately equally sensitive to radiation (true/false) | false |
| ionizing radiation only damages chromosomal material (DNA) within reproductive cells (true/false) | false |
| chemical restraint of veterinary patients is prohibited by NCRP in the united states (true/false) | false |
| what is the upper limit of exposure that an occupationally exposed individual may receive according to state and federal regulations | 0.05 Sv/year |
| animals cells are not as susceptible to damage from irradiation as human cells (true/false) | false |
| radiation can affect the body's ability to produce red and white blood cells (true/false) | true |
| exposure to radiation can affect the lens by causing cataracts (true/false) | true |
| individuals younger than 18 years of age may not assist with animal restrain while radiographs are taken (true/false) | true |
| what type of dosimeter can be stored for years, maintains its information, and can be reused | thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) |
| veterinary personnel who restrain animals for radiographs are often exposed to the primary beam (true/false) | false |
| scatter radiation can be reduced by the collimator (true/fals) | true |
| aluminum filtration helps to increase soft less penetrating xrays thus increasing the quality of the radiograph (true/false) | false |
| scatter radiation is produced by the primary beam interacting with the anode (true/false) | false |
| scatter radiation depends on | beam intensity, compositive of the structure being radiographed, kVp level |
| the most conclusive method used to inspect lead lined gloves and aprons for cracks and defects is to | take a radiograph of it |
| what is the thickness of the lead impregnated rubber lining protective apparel in veterinary radiography | 0.5 mm |
| a device used to measure the thickness of anatomic parts | caliper |
| the measurable difference between two adjacent densities | contrast |
| the degree of blackness on a radiograph | density |
| the period of time during which xrays are permitted to leave the xray tube | exposure time |
| the intensity of the raidation varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source | inverse square law |
| the energy related to motion | kinetic energy |
| the number of xrays produced over a given period, calculated by multiplying the millamperage by the time | milliamperage-seconds (mAs) |
| a method of estimating kilovoltage in relation to the area of thickness | santes rule |
| the formula for santes rule | (2 X thickness) + 40 = kVp |
| the distance between the source of xrays and the image receptor or film | source image distance |
| the process of releasing electrons from their atomic orbits by heat | thermionic emission |
| a way to decrease the number of personnel in the radiology suite can include | sedating patients |
| ways to increase penetrating power of xrays include | increasing kVp |
| the milliamperage-seconds (mAs) for 1000 mA and 1/10 second is | 100 mAs |
| according to santes rule if a cats abomen measure 12 cm kVp is | 64 |
| the source image distance | must be considered each time the control panel is set |
| one percent of energy produce at the anode is in the form of | xrays |
| the temperature of the filament within the cathode is controlled by | mA setting |
| the total number of xrays produced is determined by the kVp (true/false) | false |
| longer wavelengths have more penetrating power (true/false) | false |
| the intensity of xrays increase as the source image distance increases (true/false) | true |
| xrays diverge from a light source (true/false) | false |
| the potential difference between the anode and cathode is measured in | kilovolts |
| a higher kVp setting allows for a _____ mAs and _____ exposure time | lower;lower |
| process of scattering or reflecting radiation in the opposite direction from that intended, radiation that is reflected from behind the image plane back to the image | backscatter |
| two parallel or two focused grids that are set at right angles also called crisscross grid | crossed grid |
| distortion of anatomic structures so that the image appears longer than actual size, owing to the xray beam not being directed perpendicular to the film surface | elongation |
| a grid with parallel center lead strip and inclined strips on either side that radiate at progressively greater angles | focused grid |
| distortion of anatomic structures when the image appears shorter than actual size due to the plane of interest not being parallel to the film surface | foreshortening |
| variation in normal size and shape of anatomic structures due to their position in relation to the xray source and film | geometric distortion |
| loss of detail due to geometric distortion | geometric unsharpness |
| a device made of lead strips embedded in a spacing material, placed between the patient and the film, designed to absorb non image forming radiation | grid |
| a progressive decrease in transmitted xray intensity caused by absorption of primary xrays by the grid lines | grid cutoff |
| the ability of a grid to absorb non image forming radiation in the production of a quality radiograph | grid efficiency |
| the amount of exposure needs to be increased to compensate for the grids absorption of a portion of the primary beam | grid factor |
| the distance between the source of xrays and the grid in which the grid is effective without grid cutoff | grid focus |
| the relation of the height of the lead strips to the distance between them | grid ratio |
| grid in which the lead strips are parallel | linear grid |
| the number of lead strips per centimeter area of a grid | lines per centimeter |
| distortion of anatomic structures when the image appears larger than actual size | magnification |
| a mechanical device that consists of a focused grid within diaphragm which moves the grid across the cray beam during an exposure | potter bucky diaphragm |
| a grid with parallel lead strips that are progressively reduced in height toward the edges of the grid | pseudofocused grid |
| the definition of the edge of an anatomic structure on a radiograph | radiographic detail |
| non image forming radiation that is scattered in all directions because of objects in the path of the xray beam | scatter radiation |
| the difference in density and mass of two adjacent anatomic structures | subject contrast |
| a grid with lead strips that are parallel and at right angles to the film also called a parallel grid | unfocused grid |
| what increases radiographic density | increased mAs |
| what type of radiograph would have the shortest scale | one of a femur |
| high subject contrast ___ radio0graphic contrast | increases |
| where is the tungsten filament located | in the cathode |
| where is the tungsten target located | on the anode |
| soft xrays can penetrate the patient and increase exposure, however they are beneficial to the finished radiograph (true/false) | false |
| what is one disadvantage of a small focal spot | less heat dissipation |
| when is a grid utilized | when the area being xrayed is > 10cm |
| what is the heel effect | unequal distribution of xray beam intensity |
| what should be done to take advantage of the heel effect | put the thickest part of the patient closer to the cathode |
| what is the most common cause of tube failure | filament evaporation |
| the higher the kVp the lower the overall contrast (true/false) | true |
| the thicker the tissues the greater the subject density and more xray absorption with more absorption the whiter the radiograph will appear (true/false) | true |
| the potter buckey diaphragm is used to decrease the amount of weak xray beams leaving the xray tube (true/false) | true |
| the type of film can affect the scale of contrast (true/false) | true |
| because of the inverse square law, if the FFD is double then the mAs must be decreased four times to maintain the same radiographic density (true/false) | false |
| the lower the kVp the more scatter radiation will be produced (true/false) | false |
| the air gap technique decreased the amount of scatter produced (true/false) | true |
| what type of radiograph should have the shortest scale of contrast | femur |
| high subject contrast ____ radiographic contrast | increases |
| if kVp is too low for an abdominal radiograph which of the following will be evident on a radiograph | no distinct difference exists among anatomic organs, penetrating power is weak and xrays cant penetrate the patient, radiograph will have a "soot and white washed" apperance |
| what do grids contain that controls scatter radiation | lead |
| where is the grid located | between the patient and the cassette |
| to prevent magnification and distortion of an object being radiographed the patient must | be as parallel to the film as posssible, be as close to the film as possible |
| if a dog is being radiographed for hip dysplasia what phenomenon will occur if the femurs are not parallel to the film | foreshortening |
| the walls of the darkroom should be white or cream colored because | more reflection of the safelight is produced providing a more visible working environment |
| what is true reguarding safelights | they must be at least 4 feet from the work area |
| what is not a permanent type of film label | sharpie |
| unexposed silver halide crystals remaining on the film are removed at what stage | fixing |
| a higher grid ratio (more strips) mean that | more scatter radiation is absorbed |
| foreshortening is most often seen with what type of bones | long |
| the most efficient beam limiting device to reduce scatter is | collimator |
| how can you prevent false narrowing | make several exposures of the vertebral column centering over the different areas, center the primary beam over the joint of interest |
| what happens when the OFD is increased | increases penumbra on a radiograph |
| why do you not want film fogging to appear on a radiograph | non-diagnostic film, not crisp edges |
| what is the minimal information needed to label a film properly | patient first, last name, owner name, clinic name, date |
| what are two advantages of the potter bucky mechanism | lowers amount of scatter radiation, provides more crisp images |
| if the FFD is increased from 32" to 72" the mAs must be ____ to maintain the same radiographic density | increased |
| If the FFS is increased radiographic detail will be | decreased |
| what are the cranial thoraic landmarks | manubrium sterni |
| what are the caudal thoraic landmarks | 1/2 way between the xyphoid process and last rib |
| what do you center over for a thoraic radiograph | the heart |
| what are the cranial abdominal landmarks | 3 rib space cranial to xyphoid process |
| what are the caudal abdominal landmarks | greater trochanter |
| what do you center over for an abdominal radiograph | over the last rib |
| what is the proper order for manual processing of films | develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry |
| what is the total time film should be placed in the fixer | two times the developing time |
| how does kvp affect scatter radiation | as kvp increases scatter radiation increases |
| what is the minimum distance in feet that a safelight in the darkroom should be away from the work site | 4 |
| the main purpose of the xray developer is to | convert the exposed silver halide crystals into black metalic silver |
| the main purpose of the xray fixer is to | clear away the unexposed, undeveloped silver halide crystals |
| a sievert (SV) is the | unit of radiation dose equivalent to the absorbed dose in tissue |
| when taking radiographs you should whenever possible use | decreased exposure time, increased distance from radiation sources and increased shielding |
| scatter radiation on a film is more noticeable if there is | higher kvp, thicker patient, and larger field size |
| a grid is indicated when a body part exceeds what thickness | 10 cm |
| what type of dosimeter can be stored for years, maintains its information, and can be reused | thermoluminescent dosimeter |
| low kvp produces | a short scale of contrast |
| the annual maximum permissible dose stand of radiation for anyone working with radiographs is | 5 rem |
| dosimetery badges should be | worm on a collar outside the apron |
| when taking a lateral thoracic radiograph you should make sure the spine and sternum are | equidistant (parallel) on the table |
| tube saturation can occur with a | to low kvp reading |
| what absorbs the most xrays | metal |
| what direction should a grid move in relation to the grid lines in order to blur the lines | perpendicular to the grid lines |
| if the focal film distance is increased by a factor of 2, how must the ma be adjusted to maintain density | increased by a factor of 4 |
| what factor does not affect the amount of penumbra on a radiographic film and does not contribute to the pneumbra | kvp |
| how do low grade light leaks in the darkroom affect film quality | they decrease film quality by increasing overall fog of the film |
| what is the total time the film should be placed in the fixer | two times the developing time |
| what would happen if exposed film were accidentally placed in the fixer before being placed in the developer | the radiographic film becomes clear |
| foreshortening occurs when radiographing a long bone and | the bone is not parallel to the cassette |
| when radiographing a joint why is it important to center the primary beam on the joint | to maximize joint space and minimize false narrowing |
| the degree of blackness on a radiograph is | contrast |
| if a radiograph includes many shades of gray, what is also true regarding the image | low contrast, low kvp |
| when viewing a radiograph of a laterally positioned animal | the head should face the viewers left with the spine at the top |
| an overexposed film appears____; to correct this____ | to dark; decrease mas or kvp |
| what action is taken if it is difficult to see anatomic silhouettes on an abdominal film and the film is to light | increase kvp by 10% to 15%; shorten wavelength; increase penetrating power |
| a thoracic film is too dark; the bone tissue is relatively white; what is the next step | decrease mas by 50% |
| grid cuttoff can be best described as | incorrect use of the grid, so that the grid absorbs more radiation than it should |
| for proper radiograph exposure, a radiograph should be taken during the maximum | expiration for the abdomen, inspiration for the thorax |
| elongation and foreshortening of anatomic structure are associated with | geometric distortion |
| if the ma is set at 300, and the time is set at 1/60 the mas is | 5 |
| the ideal temperature of the chemicals for manual radiograph processing is | 68 F |
| if a radiograph is too light, and the image appears under penetrated, you should | increase kvp by 10% to 15% |
| if a radiograph is to dark and image appears over penetrated you should | decrease kvp by 10% to 15% |
| the workplace program that has been developed to ensure radiation exposure are kept as low as possible is | ALARA |
| a radiograph with appropriate density and contrast appears to have a black tree pattern; what is the most likely cause of this | improper film handeling |
| what would most likely cause generalized heavy lines on a radiograph | grid problems, roller marks from the processor |
| where should the marker be placed for a limb radiographed in lateral recumbency | cranial to the limb |
| how often are radiation monitoring film badge reports usually submitted | monthly |
| a film is too dark with minimal contrast; what is the most appropriate adjustment | decrease kvp |
| the tungsten plate (target) is located where on the xray machine | anode |
| the distance between the xray tube and the film is the | focal film distance |
| when creating a technique chart, you should have a patient that weighs approximately___, is not overweight, and measure between___ | 40lbs, 10-20cms |
| the limb closest to the cassette should be pulled slightly cranial for a lateral pelvic view (true/false) | true |
| any rvt may perform a pennhip radiograph for certification, as long as you are a registered veterianry technician (true/false) | false |
| the center landmark for an extended pelvic view is the sacroiliac region (true/false) | true |
| barium and iodine are examples of what type of contrast media | positive |
| type of anode found in dental units | stationary |
| regulates the voltage difference between the anode and the cathode | kvp |
| determines the number of electrons produced inside the xray tube | mas |
| films ability to convert absorbed xrays into visible light | screen speed |
| the degree of sharpness that defines the edge of an anatomic structure | detail |
| the amount of blackness on a film | density |
| opacity/density difference between two areas on an xray | contrast |
| range of different opacities on a radiograph | latitude |
| measure of radiation exposure or xray machine output | roentgen |
| unit equal to the absorbed dose multiplied by a qualifying factor | rem |
| usually located between the patient and the image receptor; absorbs scatter radiation | grid |
| converts xrays into fluorescent light allowing for a lower ma setting | intensifying screen |
| lower energy xray photons that have undergone a change in direction after interacting with structures in the patients body | scattered radiation |
| decrease in energy of the xray photons as they pass through matter | rotating |
| brightness mode ultrasound image display | b mode |
| a structure on the ultrasound image that appears bright or white compared with adjacent structures | hyperechoic |
| attenuation of energy of the ultrasound beam as it passes through different tissues | acoustic impedance |
| time motion ultrasound imaging mode where the motion of the body is observed by scanning a thing slice of it over time | m mode |
| the energy of the returning energy is shown as an amplitude spike at each tissue interface when the ultrasound is in this mode | a mode |
| a structure on the ultrasound image that is of equal echogenicity to another structure | isoechoic |
| a structure in the ultrasound image that does not produce echoes and appears black | anechoic |
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