vet 1305
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| changes to cell structure that can indicate the presence/absence of disease | blood cell morphology
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| to do a manual cbc differential you make a | blood smear
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| to prepare a blood smear you need a blood sample from a _______ and _________ | EDTA tube; microscope slides
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| using a ________ you place a small drop of blood in the _______ of the slide to make a blood smear | capillary tube; middle end
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| the spreader slide is held at a ____-____ degree angle to back into the blood drop to prepare a blood smear | 30-45
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| only pressure applied to the spreader slide should be from _______ _____ _____ ______ | weight of slide itself
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| a blood smear should take up ____-_____ of the slide | 2/3-3/4
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| side of a blood smear should be parallel and _____ or _____ shaped | bullet;flame
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| when staining a blood smear the slide should spend ____-____ seconds in each stain | 20-30
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| a good quality blood smear has ____ layers | 3
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| the thickest area of a blood smear that cannot be evaluated because the cells are stacked on top of each other | body
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| the diagnostic area of a blood smear that is thinner, contains cells in a single layer, and is used to view cell morphology | monolayer
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| the part of a blood smear where heavier cells are seen along with platelet clumps and any parasites | feathered edge
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| these are highly reflective bubbles in the cytoplasm seen on a blood smear | refractile
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| refractile is caused by _______ in the alcohol fixative | contamination
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| refractile may be mistaken for a ________ | parasitic infection
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| _______ _______ can be viewed as purple aggregate(small crystals), may be mistaken for platelet clumps, and is usually found on a different focal plane | stain precipitate
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| knowledge of proper sampling techniques, handling, in-house analyzers, sample requirements, routine maintenance procedures, and basic quality control are all | roles of the technician
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| this is designated solely for use with blood films and cytology preparations and should be a high-quality binocular microscope with a planachromatic lense and focusable substage condenser | Microscope #1
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| this is designated solely for use for parasitology, fecals, and urine examinations. Corrosive fluids are used to evaluate these specimens and can cause damage | Microscope #2
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| this is used to determine plasma protein concentrations by the refractive index of the plasma and also determination of USG | refractometer
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| the refractometer surface should always be cleaned off with ________ and a ______ | distilled water;kimwipe
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| this is a series of staps and procedures to ensure that the analytic results from a lab represent the state of the animal from the sample taken | quality control
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| incorrect lab test results can lead to.. | incorrect diagnosis
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| veterinary lab tests have been modified from | human lab test
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| what is the biggest concern when performing lab tests | human error
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| this refers to how closely the lab test result is to the actual patients value | accuracy
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| this refers to the reproductibility of a lab test | precision
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| as a technician we are train to generate test results | true
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| ______ and _____ can cause splenic contraction which can affect several lab test results | excitement;stress
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| venous blood can be obtained from these 3 veins in a cat | jugular, cephalic, femoral vein
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| venous blood can be obtained from these 3 veins in a dog | jugular, cephalic, lateral saphenous
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| this is the prefered site to obtain venous blood from in large domestics | jugular
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| venous blood can be obtained from these 3 veins in a horse | jugular, facial, tail vein
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| venous blood can be obtained from these 2 veins in a cow | jugular, tail vein
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| this is the prefered site to obtain venous blood from birds | wing vein
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| venous blood can be obtained from these 2 areas in laboratory animals if they are anesthestized | intraorbital sinus, and cardiac puncture
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| this is the prefered site to obtain venous blood in laboratory animals that are not anesthetized | tail vein
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| these are the 2 methods used to obtain blood from rabbits | ear vein or toenail clip
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| collecting and handling blood samples, performing a cbc, assisting with bone marrow examination, helping with routine blood coagulation tests | hematologic procedures
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| the study of blood | hematology
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| 20g-25g needles should be used for blood draws in ______ | small animals
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| 16g-20g needles should be used for blood draws in ______ | large animals
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| when drawling blood collapsing the vein by creating excessive back pressure can cause | tissue damage and increase platelet activation
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| platelets aggregate and lyse after____ hours of storage | 6
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| composed of cellular elements and plasma | whole blood
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| fluid portion of blood that contains clotting factors | plasma
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| fluid portion of blood that does not contain clotting factors | serum
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| this should be kept refrigerated and processed within 8 hours of obtaining the sample | serum
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| this should be kept refrigerated or frozen and processed within 6 hours of obtaining the sample | plasma
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| this may be kept refrigerated but the sample must be warmed and remixed before analysis and must be processed within 6 hours of obtaining the sample | whole blood
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| this is used in blood collection tubes when whole blood or plasma samples are needed | anticoagulants
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| this anticoagulant functions to bind with calcium in the blood to prevent clotting | EDTA
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| EDTA samples must be evaluated within 2 hours of sample collection or morphologic changes in cells may occur | 2
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| after ____ hours WBC's begin to break down and disintegrate in EDTA | 6
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| after ____ hours platelets begin to swell and clump in EDTA | 4
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| this anticoagulant functions by activation of antithrombin III which prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin | Heparin
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| using heparin anticoagulant in blood tubes is________ | not permanent
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| using heparin anticoagulant in blood tubes inhibits coagulation for ___-____ hours | 8-12
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| sodium citrate anticoagulant can cause distortion of cell morphology and is used for coagulation tests ___ & ____ | PT;PTT
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| ration of blood to anticoagulant is crucial in this blood tube | BTT
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| red top tube should contain the sample for a minimum of _____ mins prior to centrifugation to assure clot formation | 60
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| the red and black tiger top tube should contain the sample for a minimum of _____ mins prior to centrifugation | 30
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| the tiger top red and black tube contains | clot activatior and agar gel
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| the tiger top yellow and gray tube contains | thrombin clot activator and agar gel
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| the yellow and gray tiger top should contain a blood sample for a minimum of ___ mins prior to centrifugation | 5
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| blue ring hematocrit tubes contain | no anticoagulant
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| red ring hematocrit tubes contain | heparin
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| formation of blood cells | hematopoiesis
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| in adult animals hematopoiesis occurs in | bone marrow
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| in prenatal animals hematopoiesis occurs in | multiple organ sites such as the liver and spleen
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| formation of erythrocytes | erythropoiesis
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| an increase in the number of circulating erythrocytes | polycythemia
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| a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood | anemia
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| protein the comprises approximately 33% of the volume of an erythrocyte | hemoglobin
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| formation of white blood cells | leukopoiesis
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| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all considered to be | granulocytes
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| lumphocytes and monocytes are all considered to be | agranulocytes
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| an increase in the numbers of circulating leukocytes | leukocytosis
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| a decrease in the number of circulating leukocytes | leukopenia
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| one what power should you examine erythrocytes and on what part of a blood smear | 100X(oil immersion), in the monolayer where approximately 50% of the RBC's are touching
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| what is polycythemia | increase in the number of erythrocytes
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| a variation in the size of RBC's that is commonly in bovine blood, seen in spleenic disorders, liver disorders, and is a sign of regenerative anemia is what cell morphology | anisocytosis
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| an increase of larger than normal RBC's that usually appear as reticulocytes when stained with NMB is what cell morphogoly | macrocytosis
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| an increase of RBC's smaller in diameter than normal, seen in animals with iron defeciency is what cell morphology | microcytosis
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| polychromatophils appear as what type of cell when stained with NMB | reticulocytes
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| hyperchromic cells appear __ than normal erythrocytes, and are usually known as what other type of cell morphology | darker; spherocytes
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| what is the generic name for an abnormally shaped erythrocyte | poikilocytes
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| what is the most common cause of crenation? | old blood, edta tube not properly filled, slow drying of blood smear
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| waht is the other name for a crenated cell | burr cell
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| true pathological crenation may be seen in what patients | horses after exercising, dogs with renal disease or lymphosarcoma
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| the presence of targer cells is ususally due to what | liver disease or iron deficiency
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| spurr cells are also known as | acanthocytes
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| spherocytes may indicate | IMHA
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| schistocytes are caused by | vascular trauma or mechanical damage
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| the stacks of rbc's is called | rouleaux
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| the clumping of rbc's is called | agglutination
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| basophilic stippling is characterized by what | bluish granular bodies on the surface of the rbc's
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| what does basophilic stippling diagnose in small animals | lead poisiong
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| howell-jolly bodies are commonly seen in what species | felines
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| when would howell-jolly bodies been seen in the feline patient | if regenerative anemia is present
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| heinz bodies may be cause by what toxins | onion, tylenol, and red maple leaves in horses
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| FIA or hemobartonellosis is also known as what blood parasite in the feline | mycoplasm haemofelis
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| how is cytauxzoon felis transmitted | by ticks
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| dirofilaria immitis is also know as what | <3 worm disease in dogs : (
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| what are the two catagories for wbc's | granulocytes, agranulocytes
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| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all what type of wbc's | granulocytes
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| lymphocytes and monocytes are what type of wbc | agranulocytes
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| in a neutrophil if the constriction is greater than one third of the width of the nucleus it is considered | segmented
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| these types of neutrophil have a horseshoe or s shaped nucleus with no constriction | bands
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| when the number of band neutrophils is increased the condition is called a | left shift
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| a left shift is generally due to a/an | inflammatory reaction
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| cytoplasmic vacuolation can be seen in what types of leukocytes | toxic neutrophils, toxic lymphocytes
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| cytoplasmic vacuolation is associate with | infmallation, infection, drug toxicity, septicemia
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| an increase in the total number of neutrophils | neutropenia
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| what is the functional equivalent of the neutrophil in rabbits, birds, and reptiles | heterophils
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| monocytes are derived from what | bone marrow
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| monocytes become what type of cell | macrophages
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| what is the purpose of monocytes | to phagocytize large particles and cellular debris that neutrophils cant handle
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| eosinophils help control what type of reactions | allergic or anaphylactic hyper sensitivity reactions
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| these eosinophils contain tiny numerous red/orange/pink rod shaped granuels | cat
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| these eosinophils contain less numerous, round, orange/pink/red granuels that are very large in size | cattle/dog
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| these eosinophils contain very large round, bright orange granuels | horses
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| basophils are most commonly seen in what species | horses
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| these wbc's are packed with granuels that stain dark blue | basophils
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| basophilia may be seen with what disease | heartworm disease
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| lymphocytes are the most commonly seen leukocyte seen in what species | cattle
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| normal cat red blood cell morphology look like what on a blood smear | spherocytes
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| the term for red blood cell formation | erythropoiesis
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| this is a protozoan parasite that is spread by the bite of an infected brown dog tick | babesia
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| another term for anemia is | oligocythemia
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| cats will die within days of developing clinical signs of this tick-transmitted disease | cytauxzoon felis
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| tylenol toxicity in the canine may be represented by this type of cell morphology | heinz bodies
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| in cats which form of reticulocytes should be counted when enumerating reticulocytes | aggregate form only
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| EDTA is the anticoagulant of choic for hematology because it does what to the cells | preserves
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| mycoplasma haemofelis is also known as | FIA
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| another name for nRBC is | metarubricyte
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| microcytes are usually immature, polychromatophils, and will appear as reticulocytes with NMB stain (true/false) | false
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| nRBC can be seen in cases of regenerative anemia (true/false) | true
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| target cells contain a central round portion of hemoglobin inside the area of central pallor and is usually due to liver disease (true/false) | true
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| erythropoiesis is a hormone that regulates red blood cell production (true/false) | false
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| practice and attention= confidence and proficiency (true/false) | true
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| precision referse to how closely the test result is to the actual patient value (true/false) | false
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| schistocytes are the red blood cell commonly associated with DIC (true/false) | true
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| acanthocytres are also known as | spurr cells
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| why is it important to have two separate microscopes in your clinic | to prevent cross contamination
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| you should scan the feathered edge on low power to look for what? | platelets
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| the study of blood | hematology
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| variation in size of RBC's in circulation | anisocytosis
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| increase in central pallor, decrease in cytoplasm | hypochromasia
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| this cell morphology is a bluish tint to the cytoplasm of cells | polychromasia
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| this is the geric name for any abnormall shaped cell | poikilocytosis
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| this cell morphology is a rbc with a slitlike center opening | stomatocytes
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| this cell morphology has a small dense rbc with no area of central pallor | spherocytes
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| this cell morphology are fragments of rbc's | schistocytes
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| this cell morphology is an oxidative injury from iron deficiency, has a padlock apperance | blister cell
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| this cell morphology is a ruptured blister cell with two upright cattle "horn like" projections | keratocyte
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| what are the primary indicators of kidney function | BUN & creatinine
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| what are the secondary indicators of kidney function | phosphorous & potassium
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| what does BUN stand for | blood urea nitrogen
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| what does BUN evaluate? | calulates glomerular filtration and function
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| what is creatinine used to measure | the filtration rate of the kidneys
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| what may cause an animal to be hyperkalemic | hypoadrenocorticism, acidosis, late stage renal failure
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| ALT is replaced by what enzyme in large animals? | SDH sorbitol dehydrogenase
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| horse have a high than normal AST value than other species (true/false) | true
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| SAP is known as what | serum alkaline phosphate
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| when might SAP be elevated in an animal | liver disease, young/growing animals, bone injury, certain types of cancer in the k9, with use of glucocorticoids or anticonvulsants
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| what are the two blood proteins that make up plasma | albumin and globulins
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| what is the end breakdown of hemoglobin | bilirubin
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| pt and ptt are affected by the number of platelets (true/false) | false
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| what blood protein is required for blood to clot | fibrinogen
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| what are potential causes for hyperglycemia | diabetes mellitus, stress, cushings disease
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| what are potential causes of hypoglycemia | malabsorption, insulin overdose, severe liver disese, prolong contact of serum/plasma with rbc's
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| where are amylase and lipase produced | pancrease
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| in what species is amlyase and lipase not valid tests | cats
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| sodium | Na+
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| potassium | K+
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| Chloride | Cl-
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| calcium | Ca2+
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| what cation is the most abundant in extracellular space | Na+
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| what anion is the most abundant in extracellular space | Cl-
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| when may you see hyponatremia in an animal | with renal failure, vomiting/diarrhea, excessive fluids have been given, diuretics are being used
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| chloride concentration is regulated by what | the kidneys
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| why is chloride so important | plays important role in water/osmotic pressure and electrolyte balance
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| what test should be run initially to check thyroid function | total t4
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| what test is useful to diagnose hyperthyroidism | free t4
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| tsh stands for what | thyroid stimulating hormone
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| how can hypothyroidism be diagnosed | low t4 and a high TSH
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| what test is used to determine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency | serum TLI
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| this cell should only be seen in bone marrow; divides to produce two prorubricytes | rubriblast
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| this is equal or sometimes larger than a rubriblast; divides to produce two rubricytes | prorubricyte
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| smaller than prorubricyte; seen if patient is anemic; dark purple nucleus | rubricyte
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| the function of rbc's is what | oxygen distribution
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| normal rbc's in most mammals are | anuclear, round, and biconcave
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| these are immature erythrocytes that contain organells | reticulocytes
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| felines have two forms of reticulocytes | aggregate; punctate
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| wbc's are catagorized as either | granulocytes; agranulocytes
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| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are what type of wbc | granulocyte
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| lymphocytes and monocytes are what type of wbc | agranulocyte
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| what is the most predominant wbc, except in cattle | neutrophil
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| this is an immature neutrophil that is not found in peripheral blood unless severe inflammation or infection presents | metamyelocyte; myelocyte
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| in toxic neutrophils these cytoplasmic characteristics are associted with infection, and or drug toxicity | dohle bodies, cytoplasmic vacuolation, toxic granulations
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| this species can show toxic neutrophils during many kinds of illness, but in other species toxic changes usually imply severe imflammatory disease | cats
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| these are small,pall bluish-gray irregular inclusions in the cytoplasm of neutrophils that usually indicated mild toxemia, common in the feline, may be seen with chronic bacterial infection and some viral disease | dohle bodies
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| this toxic neutrophil change is associated with septicemia and can range from a few vacuoles to many causing the cytoplasm to have a foamy apperance | cytoplasmic vacuolation
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| these appear in toxic neutrophils as numerous large purple granules that range in color from dark purple to red to black, seen mostly in infectious disease | toxic granulation
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| these are very large wbc's with diffuse less dense nuclear chromatin, the nucleus varries in shape, cytoplasm is blue-gray and abundant, can be difficult to differentiate from bands, or large lymphocytes | monocytes
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| this is seen in increased viral in fections and chronic inflammation, or with fungal infections or granulomas | monocytosis
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| this wbc is much less commonly seen than neutrophils, help control anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions, have a lobulated nucleus and red/orange/pink granuels | eosinophil
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| this wbc usually has equal numbers to monocytes on differential counts | eosinophils
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| this wbc is involved in allergic and parasitic diseases, lrelatively rare to see on blood films, but when present ten to occur in association with increased eosinophils | basophils
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| these wbc's have dark blue granules that generally fill the entire cytoplasm | basophils
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| this is the second highest number of wbc in circulation | lymphocytes
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| this wbc is small to medium sized mono-nuclear with a thing rim of light to dark blue cytoplasm and a round, often eccentric, nucleus | lymphocytes
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| a cbc is a | complete blood cell count
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| the components of a cbc are | rbc's, rbc indicies, wbc's, wbc differentials, platelets
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| rbc indicies include | Hct, Hgb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, reticulocytes
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| what is a PCV/Hct and what does it measure | packed cell volume/hematocrit; it measure the percent of RBC in blood
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| a low pcv indicates | anemia
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| a high pcv indicates | dehydration or polycythemia
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| this rbc indicie is the measurement of density of plasma(how much protein is present) | total protein (TP)
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| this rbc indicie carriers oxygen in rbc's, 1/3 of a pcv in most animals is made up of it | Hgb
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| a low Hgb indicates | iron deficiency or anemia
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| this rbc indicie is the measurement of the average size of the red blood cell | MCV- mean cell volume
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| this rbc indicie is the measurement of the average amount of hemoglobin inside an rbc, considered the least accurate of all indicies | MCH-mean corpuscular hemoglobin
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| this rbc indicie is the measurement of the concentration of Hgb in the average rbc | MCHC- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
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| this rbc is a measurement of the variance in red blood size, higher number of this indicate increased anisocytosis | RDW- red cell distribution width
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| these types of cells are cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocytes, they have no nucleus and are not classified as a cell, normal life span is 10 days | platelet
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| these are the largest cell in the bone marrow, they release platelets in five days | megakaryocyte
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| these type of platelets are young platelets | large
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| this condition has a decreased number of platelets, seen with conditons affecting the bone marrow, bacterial and viral infection, platelet destruction, immediately follow severe hemorrhage, leukemia treatment | thrombocytopenia
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| this type of platelet inclusion invades the plates causing infection canine cyclic thrombocytopenia | anaplasma platys(aka ehrichia platys)
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| this condition has an increased number of platelets, is a response to disease such as iron deficienty, will be seen following trauma | thrombocytosis
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| coagulation is divided into these two pathways | extrinsic; intrinsic
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| this coagulation method induces vasoconstriction that diverges blood flow from the site of injurty | vascular
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| this coagulation mechanism forms a plug which controls bleeding froma minute injury of small blood vessels | platelets
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| this working mechanism of coagulation is activated and a fibrin clot is formed | clotting factors
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| what are the three types of bleeding involved with coagulation disorders | purpura, petechia, bleeding into tissues
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| this cell disorder may cause hemorrhage, prolonged bleeding and clot reacions | thrombocytopenia
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| this disease is hereditary, characterized by prolonged bleeding times, platelets are unable to adhere to injured vessel wall, even though there is an adequate amount | von willebrands disease
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| this coagulation test is a test of intrinsic system, also called lee white method | whole blood clotting time
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| this coagulation test is a test of the extrinsic system, blood must be put in in a BTT, test is independent of platelet function, abbreviated PT | prothrombin time
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| this coagulation test is a test of intrinsic clotting mechanism, reaction is initiated by addition of calcium, abbreviated PTT or APTT | partial thromboplastin time; automated partial thromboplastic time
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| this is a plasma protein produced by the liver that is necessary for clot formation, it is the precursor of fibrin | fibrinogen
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| this fibrinogen problem may be associated with liver disease, may congenital in dogs, | decrease fibrinogen
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| this fibrinogen problem may be associated with acute inflammation, tissue damage, or dehydration | increased fibrinogen
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| blood factor I is | fibrinogen
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| blood factor II is | prothrombin
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| blood factor III is | tissue thromboplastin
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| blood factor IV is | calcium
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| blood factor VII is | proconvertin
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| blood factor IX is | christmas factor
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| blood factor X is | stewart prower
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| blood factor XI is | plasma thromboplastin antecedent
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| this is a factor VII deficiency that is seen in swine, german shephards, golden retrievers, minature schnauzers,abnormal platelet adhesiveness causing prolonged bleeding time | von willebrands disease
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| what are the chemistries that check renal function | BUN/Creatinine
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| what are the chemistries that check liver function | ALT or SDH, AST, GGT, ALKP, bilirubin
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| what are the chemistries that check blood protein levels | albumin, globulin, total protein
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| what is the chemistry that check glucose levels in blood | blood glucose
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| what are the chemistries that check pancreatic function | amlyase, lipase
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| what are the chemistries that check blood fat levels | cholesterol, triglycerids
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| what are the electrolytes that are found in blood | Na+, K+, Cl-, Bicarb
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| what are the minerals that are found in blood | calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
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| Urea is the end product of what metabolism | protein
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| this is a by product of muscle metabolism produced at a constate rate and filtered out almost entirely by the glomeruli | creatinine
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| increased levels of this are seen with kidney disease, muscle degeneration, or with use of drugs that impair kidney function | creatinine
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| decreased levels of this are seen with liver disease, pregnancy, or protein starvation | creatinine
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| this blood chemistry is found in large amount in hepatocytes of the dog/cat/primate | ALT
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| this blood chemistry is used in large animal testing to replace ALT | SDH
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| this blood chemistry is present in all tissues of the body especially cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, liver | AST
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| this blood chemistry is an enzyme that assists with various chemical reactions, is present in almost all tissues, especially bone and liver | SAP/ Alkaline phosphatase(ALKP)
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| this blood protein maintains hydrostatic pressure in blood and is produce by the liver | Albumin
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| this blood protein is the end product of breakdown of hemoglobin which is excreted by the liver | bilirubin
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| this coagulation test is non-specific and measures the time it takes blood to clot in vivo | buccal mucosal bleeding time
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| this coagulation test evaluates extrensic and common pathways , is not affected by platelet numbers, requires a BTT | prothrombine time
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| this coagulation test measures the intrinsic and common pathways, is not affected by platelet numbers, requires a BTT | activeate partial thromboplastin time
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| this coagulation test evaluates common pathways, must be ran on a plasma sample | fibrinogen
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|
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| this is a cation found in all body tissues, and is closely related to calcium and phosphorous levels | magnesium
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|
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| this is the initial test for assessment of thyroid function | total t4
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| this test is useful to diagnose hyperthyroidism when t4 levels are high normal | free t4
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| this test is ussed in conjunction with a low t4 to diagnose hypothyroidism | TSH
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|
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| this tests the thyroids response to high levels of the active form of t4 and is useful when t4 and free t4 are borderline | t3 suppression test
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|
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| this test vitamin b-12 levels | cobalamine
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|
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| this test for b vitamin levels | folate
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|
||||
| this is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic test for pacreatitis currently avaliable | PLI- serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity
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|
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