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midterm
vet 1305
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| changes to cell structure that can indicate the presence/absence of disease | blood cell morphology |
| to do a manual cbc differential you make a | blood smear |
| to prepare a blood smear you need a blood sample from a _______ and _________ | EDTA tube; microscope slides |
| using a ________ you place a small drop of blood in the _______ of the slide to make a blood smear | capillary tube; middle end |
| the spreader slide is held at a ____-____ degree angle to back into the blood drop to prepare a blood smear | 30-45 |
| only pressure applied to the spreader slide should be from _______ _____ _____ ______ | weight of slide itself |
| a blood smear should take up ____-_____ of the slide | 2/3-3/4 |
| side of a blood smear should be parallel and _____ or _____ shaped | bullet;flame |
| when staining a blood smear the slide should spend ____-____ seconds in each stain | 20-30 |
| a good quality blood smear has ____ layers | 3 |
| the thickest area of a blood smear that cannot be evaluated because the cells are stacked on top of each other | body |
| the diagnostic area of a blood smear that is thinner, contains cells in a single layer, and is used to view cell morphology | monolayer |
| the part of a blood smear where heavier cells are seen along with platelet clumps and any parasites | feathered edge |
| these are highly reflective bubbles in the cytoplasm seen on a blood smear | refractile |
| refractile is caused by _______ in the alcohol fixative | contamination |
| refractile may be mistaken for a ________ | parasitic infection |
| _______ _______ can be viewed as purple aggregate(small crystals), may be mistaken for platelet clumps, and is usually found on a different focal plane | stain precipitate |
| knowledge of proper sampling techniques, handling, in-house analyzers, sample requirements, routine maintenance procedures, and basic quality control are all | roles of the technician |
| this is designated solely for use with blood films and cytology preparations and should be a high-quality binocular microscope with a planachromatic lense and focusable substage condenser | Microscope #1 |
| this is designated solely for use for parasitology, fecals, and urine examinations. Corrosive fluids are used to evaluate these specimens and can cause damage | Microscope #2 |
| this is used to determine plasma protein concentrations by the refractive index of the plasma and also determination of USG | refractometer |
| the refractometer surface should always be cleaned off with ________ and a ______ | distilled water;kimwipe |
| this is a series of staps and procedures to ensure that the analytic results from a lab represent the state of the animal from the sample taken | quality control |
| incorrect lab test results can lead to.. | incorrect diagnosis |
| veterinary lab tests have been modified from | human lab test |
| what is the biggest concern when performing lab tests | human error |
| this refers to how closely the lab test result is to the actual patients value | accuracy |
| this refers to the reproductibility of a lab test | precision |
| as a technician we are train to generate test results | true |
| ______ and _____ can cause splenic contraction which can affect several lab test results | excitement;stress |
| venous blood can be obtained from these 3 veins in a cat | jugular, cephalic, femoral vein |
| venous blood can be obtained from these 3 veins in a dog | jugular, cephalic, lateral saphenous |
| this is the prefered site to obtain venous blood from in large domestics | jugular |
| venous blood can be obtained from these 3 veins in a horse | jugular, facial, tail vein |
| venous blood can be obtained from these 2 veins in a cow | jugular, tail vein |
| this is the prefered site to obtain venous blood from birds | wing vein |
| venous blood can be obtained from these 2 areas in laboratory animals if they are anesthestized | intraorbital sinus, and cardiac puncture |
| this is the prefered site to obtain venous blood in laboratory animals that are not anesthetized | tail vein |
| these are the 2 methods used to obtain blood from rabbits | ear vein or toenail clip |
| collecting and handling blood samples, performing a cbc, assisting with bone marrow examination, helping with routine blood coagulation tests | hematologic procedures |
| the study of blood | hematology |
| 20g-25g needles should be used for blood draws in ______ | small animals |
| 16g-20g needles should be used for blood draws in ______ | large animals |
| when drawling blood collapsing the vein by creating excessive back pressure can cause | tissue damage and increase platelet activation |
| platelets aggregate and lyse after____ hours of storage | 6 |
| composed of cellular elements and plasma | whole blood |
| fluid portion of blood that contains clotting factors | plasma |
| fluid portion of blood that does not contain clotting factors | serum |
| this should be kept refrigerated and processed within 8 hours of obtaining the sample | serum |
| this should be kept refrigerated or frozen and processed within 6 hours of obtaining the sample | plasma |
| this may be kept refrigerated but the sample must be warmed and remixed before analysis and must be processed within 6 hours of obtaining the sample | whole blood |
| this is used in blood collection tubes when whole blood or plasma samples are needed | anticoagulants |
| this anticoagulant functions to bind with calcium in the blood to prevent clotting | EDTA |
| EDTA samples must be evaluated within 2 hours of sample collection or morphologic changes in cells may occur | 2 |
| after ____ hours WBC's begin to break down and disintegrate in EDTA | 6 |
| after ____ hours platelets begin to swell and clump in EDTA | 4 |
| this anticoagulant functions by activation of antithrombin III which prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin | Heparin |
| using heparin anticoagulant in blood tubes is________ | not permanent |
| using heparin anticoagulant in blood tubes inhibits coagulation for ___-____ hours | 8-12 |
| sodium citrate anticoagulant can cause distortion of cell morphology and is used for coagulation tests ___ & ____ | PT;PTT |
| ration of blood to anticoagulant is crucial in this blood tube | BTT |
| red top tube should contain the sample for a minimum of _____ mins prior to centrifugation to assure clot formation | 60 |
| the red and black tiger top tube should contain the sample for a minimum of _____ mins prior to centrifugation | 30 |
| the tiger top red and black tube contains | clot activatior and agar gel |
| the tiger top yellow and gray tube contains | thrombin clot activator and agar gel |
| the yellow and gray tiger top should contain a blood sample for a minimum of ___ mins prior to centrifugation | 5 |
| blue ring hematocrit tubes contain | no anticoagulant |
| red ring hematocrit tubes contain | heparin |
| formation of blood cells | hematopoiesis |
| in adult animals hematopoiesis occurs in | bone marrow |
| in prenatal animals hematopoiesis occurs in | multiple organ sites such as the liver and spleen |
| formation of erythrocytes | erythropoiesis |
| an increase in the number of circulating erythrocytes | polycythemia |
| a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood | anemia |
| protein the comprises approximately 33% of the volume of an erythrocyte | hemoglobin |
| formation of white blood cells | leukopoiesis |
| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all considered to be | granulocytes |
| lumphocytes and monocytes are all considered to be | agranulocytes |
| an increase in the numbers of circulating leukocytes | leukocytosis |
| a decrease in the number of circulating leukocytes | leukopenia |
| one what power should you examine erythrocytes and on what part of a blood smear | 100X(oil immersion), in the monolayer where approximately 50% of the RBC's are touching |
| what is polycythemia | increase in the number of erythrocytes |
| a variation in the size of RBC's that is commonly in bovine blood, seen in spleenic disorders, liver disorders, and is a sign of regenerative anemia is what cell morphology | anisocytosis |
| an increase of larger than normal RBC's that usually appear as reticulocytes when stained with NMB is what cell morphogoly | macrocytosis |
| an increase of RBC's smaller in diameter than normal, seen in animals with iron defeciency is what cell morphology | microcytosis |
| polychromatophils appear as what type of cell when stained with NMB | reticulocytes |
| hyperchromic cells appear __ than normal erythrocytes, and are usually known as what other type of cell morphology | darker; spherocytes |
| what is the generic name for an abnormally shaped erythrocyte | poikilocytes |
| what is the most common cause of crenation? | old blood, edta tube not properly filled, slow drying of blood smear |
| waht is the other name for a crenated cell | burr cell |
| true pathological crenation may be seen in what patients | horses after exercising, dogs with renal disease or lymphosarcoma |
| the presence of targer cells is ususally due to what | liver disease or iron deficiency |
| spurr cells are also known as | acanthocytes |
| spherocytes may indicate | IMHA |
| schistocytes are caused by | vascular trauma or mechanical damage |
| the stacks of rbc's is called | rouleaux |
| the clumping of rbc's is called | agglutination |
| basophilic stippling is characterized by what | bluish granular bodies on the surface of the rbc's |
| what does basophilic stippling diagnose in small animals | lead poisiong |
| howell-jolly bodies are commonly seen in what species | felines |
| when would howell-jolly bodies been seen in the feline patient | if regenerative anemia is present |
| heinz bodies may be cause by what toxins | onion, tylenol, and red maple leaves in horses |
| FIA or hemobartonellosis is also known as what blood parasite in the feline | mycoplasm haemofelis |
| how is cytauxzoon felis transmitted | by ticks |
| dirofilaria immitis is also know as what | <3 worm disease in dogs : ( |
| what are the two catagories for wbc's | granulocytes, agranulocytes |
| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all what type of wbc's | granulocytes |
| lymphocytes and monocytes are what type of wbc | agranulocytes |
| in a neutrophil if the constriction is greater than one third of the width of the nucleus it is considered | segmented |
| these types of neutrophil have a horseshoe or s shaped nucleus with no constriction | bands |
| when the number of band neutrophils is increased the condition is called a | left shift |
| a left shift is generally due to a/an | inflammatory reaction |
| cytoplasmic vacuolation can be seen in what types of leukocytes | toxic neutrophils, toxic lymphocytes |
| cytoplasmic vacuolation is associate with | infmallation, infection, drug toxicity, septicemia |
| an increase in the total number of neutrophils | neutropenia |
| what is the functional equivalent of the neutrophil in rabbits, birds, and reptiles | heterophils |
| monocytes are derived from what | bone marrow |
| monocytes become what type of cell | macrophages |
| what is the purpose of monocytes | to phagocytize large particles and cellular debris that neutrophils cant handle |
| eosinophils help control what type of reactions | allergic or anaphylactic hyper sensitivity reactions |
| these eosinophils contain tiny numerous red/orange/pink rod shaped granuels | cat |
| these eosinophils contain less numerous, round, orange/pink/red granuels that are very large in size | cattle/dog |
| these eosinophils contain very large round, bright orange granuels | horses |
| basophils are most commonly seen in what species | horses |
| these wbc's are packed with granuels that stain dark blue | basophils |
| basophilia may be seen with what disease | heartworm disease |
| lymphocytes are the most commonly seen leukocyte seen in what species | cattle |
| normal cat red blood cell morphology look like what on a blood smear | spherocytes |
| the term for red blood cell formation | erythropoiesis |
| this is a protozoan parasite that is spread by the bite of an infected brown dog tick | babesia |
| another term for anemia is | oligocythemia |
| cats will die within days of developing clinical signs of this tick-transmitted disease | cytauxzoon felis |
| tylenol toxicity in the canine may be represented by this type of cell morphology | heinz bodies |
| in cats which form of reticulocytes should be counted when enumerating reticulocytes | aggregate form only |
| EDTA is the anticoagulant of choic for hematology because it does what to the cells | preserves |
| mycoplasma haemofelis is also known as | FIA |
| another name for nRBC is | metarubricyte |
| microcytes are usually immature, polychromatophils, and will appear as reticulocytes with NMB stain (true/false) | false |
| nRBC can be seen in cases of regenerative anemia (true/false) | true |
| target cells contain a central round portion of hemoglobin inside the area of central pallor and is usually due to liver disease (true/false) | true |
| erythropoiesis is a hormone that regulates red blood cell production (true/false) | false |
| practice and attention= confidence and proficiency (true/false) | true |
| precision referse to how closely the test result is to the actual patient value (true/false) | false |
| schistocytes are the red blood cell commonly associated with DIC (true/false) | true |
| acanthocytres are also known as | spurr cells |
| why is it important to have two separate microscopes in your clinic | to prevent cross contamination |
| you should scan the feathered edge on low power to look for what? | platelets |
| the study of blood | hematology |
| variation in size of RBC's in circulation | anisocytosis |
| increase in central pallor, decrease in cytoplasm | hypochromasia |
| this cell morphology is a bluish tint to the cytoplasm of cells | polychromasia |
| this is the geric name for any abnormall shaped cell | poikilocytosis |
| this cell morphology is a rbc with a slitlike center opening | stomatocytes |
| this cell morphology has a small dense rbc with no area of central pallor | spherocytes |
| this cell morphology are fragments of rbc's | schistocytes |
| this cell morphology is an oxidative injury from iron deficiency, has a padlock apperance | blister cell |
| this cell morphology is a ruptured blister cell with two upright cattle "horn like" projections | keratocyte |
| what are the primary indicators of kidney function | BUN & creatinine |
| what are the secondary indicators of kidney function | phosphorous & potassium |
| what does BUN stand for | blood urea nitrogen |
| what does BUN evaluate? | calulates glomerular filtration and function |
| what is creatinine used to measure | the filtration rate of the kidneys |
| what may cause an animal to be hyperkalemic | hypoadrenocorticism, acidosis, late stage renal failure |
| ALT is replaced by what enzyme in large animals? | SDH sorbitol dehydrogenase |
| horse have a high than normal AST value than other species (true/false) | true |
| SAP is known as what | serum alkaline phosphate |
| when might SAP be elevated in an animal | liver disease, young/growing animals, bone injury, certain types of cancer in the k9, with use of glucocorticoids or anticonvulsants |
| what are the two blood proteins that make up plasma | albumin and globulins |
| what is the end breakdown of hemoglobin | bilirubin |
| pt and ptt are affected by the number of platelets (true/false) | false |
| what blood protein is required for blood to clot | fibrinogen |
| what are potential causes for hyperglycemia | diabetes mellitus, stress, cushings disease |
| what are potential causes of hypoglycemia | malabsorption, insulin overdose, severe liver disese, prolong contact of serum/plasma with rbc's |
| where are amylase and lipase produced | pancrease |
| in what species is amlyase and lipase not valid tests | cats |
| sodium | Na+ |
| potassium | K+ |
| Chloride | Cl- |
| calcium | Ca2+ |
| what cation is the most abundant in extracellular space | Na+ |
| what anion is the most abundant in extracellular space | Cl- |
| when may you see hyponatremia in an animal | with renal failure, vomiting/diarrhea, excessive fluids have been given, diuretics are being used |
| chloride concentration is regulated by what | the kidneys |
| why is chloride so important | plays important role in water/osmotic pressure and electrolyte balance |
| what test should be run initially to check thyroid function | total t4 |
| what test is useful to diagnose hyperthyroidism | free t4 |
| tsh stands for what | thyroid stimulating hormone |
| how can hypothyroidism be diagnosed | low t4 and a high TSH |
| what test is used to determine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency | serum TLI |
| this cell should only be seen in bone marrow; divides to produce two prorubricytes | rubriblast |
| this is equal or sometimes larger than a rubriblast; divides to produce two rubricytes | prorubricyte |
| smaller than prorubricyte; seen if patient is anemic; dark purple nucleus | rubricyte |
| the function of rbc's is what | oxygen distribution |
| normal rbc's in most mammals are | anuclear, round, and biconcave |
| these are immature erythrocytes that contain organells | reticulocytes |
| felines have two forms of reticulocytes | aggregate; punctate |
| wbc's are catagorized as either | granulocytes; agranulocytes |
| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are what type of wbc | granulocyte |
| lymphocytes and monocytes are what type of wbc | agranulocyte |
| what is the most predominant wbc, except in cattle | neutrophil |
| this is an immature neutrophil that is not found in peripheral blood unless severe inflammation or infection presents | metamyelocyte; myelocyte |
| in toxic neutrophils these cytoplasmic characteristics are associted with infection, and or drug toxicity | dohle bodies, cytoplasmic vacuolation, toxic granulations |
| this species can show toxic neutrophils during many kinds of illness, but in other species toxic changes usually imply severe imflammatory disease | cats |
| these are small,pall bluish-gray irregular inclusions in the cytoplasm of neutrophils that usually indicated mild toxemia, common in the feline, may be seen with chronic bacterial infection and some viral disease | dohle bodies |
| this toxic neutrophil change is associated with septicemia and can range from a few vacuoles to many causing the cytoplasm to have a foamy apperance | cytoplasmic vacuolation |
| these appear in toxic neutrophils as numerous large purple granules that range in color from dark purple to red to black, seen mostly in infectious disease | toxic granulation |
| these are very large wbc's with diffuse less dense nuclear chromatin, the nucleus varries in shape, cytoplasm is blue-gray and abundant, can be difficult to differentiate from bands, or large lymphocytes | monocytes |
| this is seen in increased viral in fections and chronic inflammation, or with fungal infections or granulomas | monocytosis |
| this wbc is much less commonly seen than neutrophils, help control anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions, have a lobulated nucleus and red/orange/pink granuels | eosinophil |
| this wbc usually has equal numbers to monocytes on differential counts | eosinophils |
| this wbc is involved in allergic and parasitic diseases, lrelatively rare to see on blood films, but when present ten to occur in association with increased eosinophils | basophils |
| these wbc's have dark blue granules that generally fill the entire cytoplasm | basophils |
| this is the second highest number of wbc in circulation | lymphocytes |
| this wbc is small to medium sized mono-nuclear with a thing rim of light to dark blue cytoplasm and a round, often eccentric, nucleus | lymphocytes |
| a cbc is a | complete blood cell count |
| the components of a cbc are | rbc's, rbc indicies, wbc's, wbc differentials, platelets |
| rbc indicies include | Hct, Hgb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, reticulocytes |
| what is a PCV/Hct and what does it measure | packed cell volume/hematocrit; it measure the percent of RBC in blood |
| a low pcv indicates | anemia |
| a high pcv indicates | dehydration or polycythemia |
| this rbc indicie is the measurement of density of plasma(how much protein is present) | total protein (TP) |
| this rbc indicie carriers oxygen in rbc's, 1/3 of a pcv in most animals is made up of it | Hgb |
| a low Hgb indicates | iron deficiency or anemia |
| this rbc indicie is the measurement of the average size of the red blood cell | MCV- mean cell volume |
| this rbc indicie is the measurement of the average amount of hemoglobin inside an rbc, considered the least accurate of all indicies | MCH-mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
| this rbc indicie is the measurement of the concentration of Hgb in the average rbc | MCHC- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
| this rbc is a measurement of the variance in red blood size, higher number of this indicate increased anisocytosis | RDW- red cell distribution width |
| these types of cells are cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocytes, they have no nucleus and are not classified as a cell, normal life span is 10 days | platelet |
| these are the largest cell in the bone marrow, they release platelets in five days | megakaryocyte |
| these type of platelets are young platelets | large |
| this condition has a decreased number of platelets, seen with conditons affecting the bone marrow, bacterial and viral infection, platelet destruction, immediately follow severe hemorrhage, leukemia treatment | thrombocytopenia |
| this type of platelet inclusion invades the plates causing infection canine cyclic thrombocytopenia | anaplasma platys(aka ehrichia platys) |
| this condition has an increased number of platelets, is a response to disease such as iron deficienty, will be seen following trauma | thrombocytosis |
| coagulation is divided into these two pathways | extrinsic; intrinsic |
| this coagulation method induces vasoconstriction that diverges blood flow from the site of injurty | vascular |
| this coagulation mechanism forms a plug which controls bleeding froma minute injury of small blood vessels | platelets |
| this working mechanism of coagulation is activated and a fibrin clot is formed | clotting factors |
| what are the three types of bleeding involved with coagulation disorders | purpura, petechia, bleeding into tissues |
| this cell disorder may cause hemorrhage, prolonged bleeding and clot reacions | thrombocytopenia |
| this disease is hereditary, characterized by prolonged bleeding times, platelets are unable to adhere to injured vessel wall, even though there is an adequate amount | von willebrands disease |
| this coagulation test is a test of intrinsic system, also called lee white method | whole blood clotting time |
| this coagulation test is a test of the extrinsic system, blood must be put in in a BTT, test is independent of platelet function, abbreviated PT | prothrombin time |
| this coagulation test is a test of intrinsic clotting mechanism, reaction is initiated by addition of calcium, abbreviated PTT or APTT | partial thromboplastin time; automated partial thromboplastic time |
| this is a plasma protein produced by the liver that is necessary for clot formation, it is the precursor of fibrin | fibrinogen |
| this fibrinogen problem may be associated with liver disease, may congenital in dogs, | decrease fibrinogen |
| this fibrinogen problem may be associated with acute inflammation, tissue damage, or dehydration | increased fibrinogen |
| blood factor I is | fibrinogen |
| blood factor II is | prothrombin |
| blood factor III is | tissue thromboplastin |
| blood factor IV is | calcium |
| blood factor VII is | proconvertin |
| blood factor IX is | christmas factor |
| blood factor X is | stewart prower |
| blood factor XI is | plasma thromboplastin antecedent |
| this is a factor VII deficiency that is seen in swine, german shephards, golden retrievers, minature schnauzers,abnormal platelet adhesiveness causing prolonged bleeding time | von willebrands disease |
| what are the chemistries that check renal function | BUN/Creatinine |
| what are the chemistries that check liver function | ALT or SDH, AST, GGT, ALKP, bilirubin |
| what are the chemistries that check blood protein levels | albumin, globulin, total protein |
| what is the chemistry that check glucose levels in blood | blood glucose |
| what are the chemistries that check pancreatic function | amlyase, lipase |
| what are the chemistries that check blood fat levels | cholesterol, triglycerids |
| what are the electrolytes that are found in blood | Na+, K+, Cl-, Bicarb |
| what are the minerals that are found in blood | calcium, phosphorus, magnesium |
| Urea is the end product of what metabolism | protein |
| this is a by product of muscle metabolism produced at a constate rate and filtered out almost entirely by the glomeruli | creatinine |
| increased levels of this are seen with kidney disease, muscle degeneration, or with use of drugs that impair kidney function | creatinine |
| decreased levels of this are seen with liver disease, pregnancy, or protein starvation | creatinine |
| this blood chemistry is found in large amount in hepatocytes of the dog/cat/primate | ALT |
| this blood chemistry is used in large animal testing to replace ALT | SDH |
| this blood chemistry is present in all tissues of the body especially cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, liver | AST |
| this blood chemistry is an enzyme that assists with various chemical reactions, is present in almost all tissues, especially bone and liver | SAP/ Alkaline phosphatase(ALKP) |
| this blood protein maintains hydrostatic pressure in blood and is produce by the liver | Albumin |
| this blood protein is the end product of breakdown of hemoglobin which is excreted by the liver | bilirubin |
| this coagulation test is non-specific and measures the time it takes blood to clot in vivo | buccal mucosal bleeding time |
| this coagulation test evaluates extrensic and common pathways , is not affected by platelet numbers, requires a BTT | prothrombine time |
| this coagulation test measures the intrinsic and common pathways, is not affected by platelet numbers, requires a BTT | activeate partial thromboplastin time |
| this coagulation test evaluates common pathways, must be ran on a plasma sample | fibrinogen |
| this is a cation found in all body tissues, and is closely related to calcium and phosphorous levels | magnesium |
| this is the initial test for assessment of thyroid function | total t4 |
| this test is useful to diagnose hyperthyroidism when t4 levels are high normal | free t4 |
| this test is ussed in conjunction with a low t4 to diagnose hypothyroidism | TSH |
| this tests the thyroids response to high levels of the active form of t4 and is useful when t4 and free t4 are borderline | t3 suppression test |
| this test vitamin b-12 levels | cobalamine |
| this test for b vitamin levels | folate |
| this is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic test for pacreatitis currently avaliable | PLI- serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity |
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