Endocrine System
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| System that secretes hormones | Endocrine
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| Endocrine glands secrete directly into | the blood stream or interstitial space
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| Endocrine glands to not have__ | Ducts
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| Chemicals that bring about change in the body | Hormones
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| Hormones have specific affects on certain areas called | Target organs
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| Variations of the AA thyrosine | Amines
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| A subgroup of amines | Catecholamines
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| Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are all | Catecholamines
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| Long chains of AA | Proteins
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| Group including insulin, GH, and calcitonin | Proteins Protein just with shorter chains
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| Group including ADH and oxytocin | Peptide
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| Cholesterol derivatives | Steroids
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| Cortisol, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone are all | Steroids
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| Cells of the endocrine system respond to ___changes, ____or ___stimulation | Chemical, hormones, NS
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| When a hormone brings abut its affect, the hormone is inhibited | Negative feedback
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| Released in order to cause other hormones to be released | Releasing hormones
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| Some hormones have an ____ that affects tissue in an ___ way | Antagonistic pair, opposite
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| Hypophysis aka | Pituitary gland
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| Pituitary hangs by short stalk called | Infundibulum
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| Pituitary enclosed in | Sella turcica
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| Pea sized gland | Pituitary
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| # of parts of pituitary | 2
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| Parts of pituitary | Anterior, posterior
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| Neurophysis aka | Posterior pituitary
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| Extends from the nerve tissue of the hypothalamus | Posterior pituitary
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| 2 hormones produced from posterior pituitary | Antidiuretic and oxytocin
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| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone
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| Antidiuretic hormone aka | Vasopressin
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| Helps maintain BP | ADH
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| ADH is ___hormone | Peptide
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| ADH ___ urine formation | decreases
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| Release of ADH is stimulated by ____ in water concentration | Low
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| Water concentration is monitored by____ | Osmoreceptors
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| During major blood loss ADH is released in large amounts causing | Vasoconstriction
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| Alcohol intake ___ ADH secretion | Decreases
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| Oxytocin is a ___ hormone | Peptide
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| Oxytocin stimulates______as cervix stretches, triggers hypothalamus which releases more oxytocin | Uterine contraction
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| Released from the ____ in addition to the pituitary toward the end of pregnancy | Placenta
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| Infant sucking stimulated the hypothalamus which triggers___ form the pituitary triggering milk___ | Oxytocin, release
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| Adenohypophysis aka | Anterior pituitary
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| Anterior pituitary is made of ___ tissue | Glandular
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| Glandular tissue has no___ | Nerve tract
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| Anterior pituitary regulated by releasing hormones from the ___ | Hypothalamus
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| Anterior pituitary releasing hormone released through the hypophysial portal system |
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| Somatotroipin aka | Growth hormone GH
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| Anterior pituitary stimulates cells to produce ____that bring about the functions of GH | IGF IGF
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| GH increase the transport of __ | AA
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| GH increases the rate of____ | Protein synthesis
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| GH stimulates__ (repair and growth) | Mitosis
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| GH aids in converting ____ to carbohydrates for energy | Lipids
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| __ is active in all ages | GH
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| GH is regulated by 2 releasing hormones from the hypothalamus | GHRH and GHIH
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| GHRH | Growth hormone releasing hormone
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| GHIH | Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
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| GHIH aka | Somatostatin
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| GHRH ____ the secretion of GH | Increase
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| GHIH____ the secretion of GH | Decrease
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| GHRH produced during____ | Hypoglycemia and exercise
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| GHIG produced during___ | Hyperglycemia
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| ____levels of AA in the blood also stimulated the secretion of GH |
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| TSH | Thyroid stimulating hormone
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| Thyroid stimulating hormone aka | Thyrotropin
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| TSH stimulates the release of __ | Thyroxine
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| TRH | Thyrotropin releasing hormone
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| TRH produced when metabolic rate ___ | Slows
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| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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| ACTH stimulates the release of hormones from the ___ | Adrenal cortex
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| CRH | Corticoptropin releasing hormone
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| ACTH secretion is increased by____ | Corticotropin releasing hormone
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| CRH is produced during physical stress |
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| Initiates and maintains milk production | Prolactin
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| PRH | Prolactin releasing hormone
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| PIH | Prolactin inhibiting hormone
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| PRH___secretion | Increase
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| PIH____secretions | Decrease
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| FSH | Follicle stimulating hormone
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| FSH stimulates the growth of the ____ (in women) | Ovarian follicle
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| FSH stimulates the growth of ____production (in men) | Sperm
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| GnRh | Gonadotropin releasing hormone
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| GnRh ____production of FSH | Increases
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| Inhibin form ovaries or testes___secretion | decreases
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| LH | Luteinizing hormone
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| LH stimulates the follicle to ovulate and develop into the ____ (in women) | Corpus Luteum
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| LH stimulates ____ cells to secrete testosterone in men (where it gets the name ICSH) | Interstitial
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| ICSH | Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
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| GnRh ____the secretion of LH | increases
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| Located anterior and bilateral to the trachea just inferior to the larynx | Thyroid
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| Thyroid gland has # lobes | 2
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| Thyroid glad lobes are connected by | Isthmus
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| Structural unit of the thyroid gland | Thyroid follicles T3 contains # iodine molecules
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| T4 contains # iodine molecules | 4
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| Enlarged thyroid | Goiter
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| Increases energy production and protein synthesis | Thyroid gland
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| Thyroid release is stimulated by TSH form the ______ | Anterior pituitary
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| Maintains normal blood levels of calcium ad phosphate by decreasing Reabsorption of calcium and phosphate | Calcitonin
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| Maintains normal blood levels of calcium ad phosphate by decreasing Reabsorption of calcium and phosphate____blood levels | Increasing
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| Calcitonin is stimulated by___ | Hypercalcemia
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| 2 glands on the posterior of each lobe of the thyroid gland | Parathyroid
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| PTH | Parathyroid gland
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| Antagonist to calcitonin | PTH
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| Antagonist to calcitonin thus___blood calcium and phosphate level | Increasing
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| Targets bones, small intestines and kidneys | PTH
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| PTH _____ demineralization and absorption from food | Increases
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| PTH stimulated by ____ | Hypercalcemia
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| Located in LUQ | Pancreas
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| This is classified as endocrine AND exocrine | Pancreas
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| Function al units are islets of Langerhans /pancreatic islets that are made of two cells | Pancreas
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| Function al units are islets of Langerhans/pancreatic islets that are made of two cells called | Alpha and beta
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| ___cells produce insulin | Beta
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| ___cells produce glucogon | Alpha
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| Stimulates liver to begin ___ and use lipids and AA for energy | Glycogenesis
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| Stimulating the liver to begin Glycogenesis and use lipids and AA for energy is called | Glucogenesis
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| Sugar production | Glucogenesis
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| Glucogon is stimulated by___ | Hypoglycemia
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| Glucogon rhyme | When glucose is gone, glucogon
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| Decreases blood sugar | Insulin
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| Insulin decreases blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose and stimulating___ in the liver and muscles | Glycogenesis
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| Insulin is stimulated by___ | Hyperglycemia
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| The _____ (3) do not need insulin to absorb glucose | Brain liver and kidneys
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| Adrenal glands aka | Suprarenal
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| Located at the top of each kidney | Adrenal glands
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| Adrenal glands are divided into # parts | 2
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| Adrenal gland parts are | Medulla and cortex
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| Sympathetic nervous system | Fight or flight
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| Mimic the effect of the SNS | Sympathomimetic
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| Stimulated by the SNS | Adrenal medulla
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| Adrenal medulla secretes ____ and____ | epinephrine, norepinephrine Epinephrine aka
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| Norepinephrine aka | Noradrenaline
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| Subclass of amines | Catecholamines
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| Released in small amounts | Norepinephrine
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| Causes vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal m | Norephinephrine
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| Secreted in large amounts | Epinephrine
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| Increases heart rate and force of contractions | Epinephrine
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| Vasoconstriction in skin and viscera | Epinephrine
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| Vasodilatation in skeletal muscle | Epinephrine
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| Epinephrine causes vaso____ in skeletal muscle | Constriction
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| Epinephrine ____ bronchioles | Dilates
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| Epinephrine ____ peristalsis | Decreases
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| Epinephrine ____ glycogenolysis (energy) | Increases
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| Epinephrine ____ Glucogenesis from lipids | Increases
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| Epinephrine ____ cell respiration (into ATP) | Increases
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| Stronger that the SNS | Epinephrine
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| Secretes 3 types of steroid hormones | Adrenal cortex
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| 3 types of steroid hormones | Mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones
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| Sex hormones (2) | Estrogens, Androgens
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| ___hormones are produced in small amounts | Sex
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| Does the same as ADH | Aldosterone
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| The most abundant mineralcorticoid | Aldosterone
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| Aldosterone primary target is the ___ | Kidneys
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| Aldosterone ____ Reabsorption of Na+ | Increases
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| Aldosterone ___blood volume and BP | Increases
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| Aldosterone ____excretion of K+ | Increases
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| Kidneys secrete ___ when BP decrease | Renin
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| Renin causes plasma protein ____ to be made | Angiotensin II
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| Angiotensin II causes____ and causes the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone | Vasoconstriction
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| What do lysozymes do | Destroy
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| ___ is a glugocorticoid | Cortisol
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| Increases glucogenesis from lipids and excess AA | Glucose sparing
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| Conserve3s glucose for use by the brain | Cortisol
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| ___ cells cannot convert other molecules n to glucose like other tissue types | Brain
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| ___ensures that available glucose gets used by the brain | Cortisol
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| Blocks histamines | Anti-inflammatory
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| Histamine increases capillary____ and allows lysozymes to spread | Permeability
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| Corticosteroids are modeled after____ | Cortisol
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| Cortisol is released during times of ____ or ____stress | Physical, psychological
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| ACTH from ____pituitary | Anterior
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| Estrogen is a ___ | Steroid
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| Secretes from the follicle cells and placenta during pregnancy | Estrogen
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| Is increased by FSH | Estrogen
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| Promotes maturation of the ovum and endometrium | Estrogen
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| Promotes secondary sex characteristics in women | Estrogen
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| Aids in growth of duct system in mammary glands | Estrogen Aid in growth of uterus
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| Aids in deposition of ___ tissue in hips and thighs | Fat
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| Aids in closure of growth plates in long bones | Estrogen
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| Lowers blood cholesterol and triglycerides | Estrogen
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| In med ___ is converted into estrogen | Testosterone
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| Progesterone is a ___ | Steroid
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| Secreted from the corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy | Progesterone
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| Promotes glycogensis | Progesterone
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| Promotes maturation of endothelium | Progesterone
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| Promotes development of secretory cells of memory glands | Progesterone
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| Inhibin is a ___ | Protein
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| Decreases FSH and GnRh | Inhibin
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| Testosterone is a __ | Steroid
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| Secreted by interstitial cells | Testosterone
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| Stimulated by LH | Testosterone
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| Promotes sperm maturation | Testosterone
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| Promotes secondary sex characteristics in males | Testosterone
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| Aids in growth of facial hair | Testosterone
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| Aids in enlargement of larynx | Testosterone
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| Aids in hypertrophy of skeletal muscle | Testosterone
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| Aids in closure of the growth plate in long bones | Testosterone
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| Secreted by sustentacular cells | Inhibin
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| Stimulated by testosterone | Inhibin
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| Decreases FSH | Inhibin
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| Hormone that helps you sleep and increases duration | Melatonin
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| Produced in pineal gland | Melatonin
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| Hormone increased during darkness | Melatonin
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| PG | Prostaglandins
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| Made in virtually all cells from phospholipids of their cell membranes | Prostaglandins
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| Hormone that is local and does not circulate in the blood | Prostaglandins
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| Hormones bond to ___ on target cells | Receptors
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| Only___ cells have the receptors | Target
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| Receptors are in the ___, ____, and____ | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
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| Protein hormones are the ___ mechanism | Messenger
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| Messengers stimulate a ___ | Response
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| First messenger-protein hormones bond to ____ receptors on the ___ | Surface, membrane
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| cAMP | Cyclic adenosinemonophosphate
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| CAMP is the ___ messenger | Second
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| Causes specific response specific to that cell based on enzymes within the cell | cAMP
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| Steroids are ___soluble | Lipid
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| Steroids___ through cell membrane | Defuse
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| Steroids combine with receptors in the ___ | Cytoplasm
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| The steroid protein complex enters the___ | Nucleus
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| Steroids activate specific ____to initiate___ and then___ | Genes, transcription, translation
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