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I. Anat 10
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| System that secretes hormones | Endocrine |
| Endocrine glands secrete directly into | the blood stream or interstitial space |
| Endocrine glands to not have__ | Ducts |
| Chemicals that bring about change in the body | Hormones |
| Hormones have specific affects on certain areas called | Target organs |
| Variations of the AA thyrosine | Amines |
| A subgroup of amines | Catecholamines |
| Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are all | Catecholamines |
| Long chains of AA | Proteins |
| Group including insulin, GH, and calcitonin | Proteins Protein just with shorter chains |
| Group including ADH and oxytocin | Peptide |
| Cholesterol derivatives | Steroids |
| Cortisol, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone are all | Steroids |
| Cells of the endocrine system respond to ___changes, ____or ___stimulation | Chemical, hormones, NS |
| When a hormone brings abut its affect, the hormone is inhibited | Negative feedback |
| Released in order to cause other hormones to be released | Releasing hormones |
| Some hormones have an ____ that affects tissue in an ___ way | Antagonistic pair, opposite |
| Hypophysis aka | Pituitary gland |
| Pituitary hangs by short stalk called | Infundibulum |
| Pituitary enclosed in | Sella turcica |
| Pea sized gland | Pituitary |
| # of parts of pituitary | 2 |
| Parts of pituitary | Anterior, posterior |
| Neurophysis aka | Posterior pituitary |
| Extends from the nerve tissue of the hypothalamus | Posterior pituitary |
| 2 hormones produced from posterior pituitary | Antidiuretic and oxytocin |
| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone |
| Antidiuretic hormone aka | Vasopressin |
| Helps maintain BP | ADH |
| ADH is ___hormone | Peptide |
| ADH ___ urine formation | decreases |
| Release of ADH is stimulated by ____ in water concentration | Low |
| Water concentration is monitored by____ | Osmoreceptors |
| During major blood loss ADH is released in large amounts causing | Vasoconstriction |
| Alcohol intake ___ ADH secretion | Decreases |
| Oxytocin is a ___ hormone | Peptide |
| Oxytocin stimulates______as cervix stretches, triggers hypothalamus which releases more oxytocin | Uterine contraction |
| Released from the ____ in addition to the pituitary toward the end of pregnancy | Placenta |
| Infant sucking stimulated the hypothalamus which triggers___ form the pituitary triggering milk___ | Oxytocin, release |
| Adenohypophysis aka | Anterior pituitary |
| Anterior pituitary is made of ___ tissue | Glandular |
| Glandular tissue has no___ | Nerve tract |
| Anterior pituitary regulated by releasing hormones from the ___ | Hypothalamus |
| Anterior pituitary releasing hormone released through the hypophysial portal system | |
| Somatotroipin aka | Growth hormone GH |
| Anterior pituitary stimulates cells to produce ____that bring about the functions of GH | IGF IGF |
| GH increase the transport of __ | AA |
| GH increases the rate of____ | Protein synthesis |
| GH stimulates__ (repair and growth) | Mitosis |
| GH aids in converting ____ to carbohydrates for energy | Lipids |
| __ is active in all ages | GH |
| GH is regulated by 2 releasing hormones from the hypothalamus | GHRH and GHIH |
| GHRH | Growth hormone releasing hormone |
| GHIH | Growth hormone inhibiting hormone |
| GHIH aka | Somatostatin |
| GHRH ____ the secretion of GH | Increase |
| GHIH____ the secretion of GH | Decrease |
| GHRH produced during____ | Hypoglycemia and exercise |
| GHIG produced during___ | Hyperglycemia |
| ____levels of AA in the blood also stimulated the secretion of GH | |
| TSH | Thyroid stimulating hormone |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone aka | Thyrotropin |
| TSH stimulates the release of __ | Thyroxine |
| TRH | Thyrotropin releasing hormone |
| TRH produced when metabolic rate ___ | Slows |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| ACTH stimulates the release of hormones from the ___ | Adrenal cortex |
| CRH | Corticoptropin releasing hormone |
| ACTH secretion is increased by____ | Corticotropin releasing hormone |
| CRH is produced during physical stress | |
| Initiates and maintains milk production | Prolactin |
| PRH | Prolactin releasing hormone |
| PIH | Prolactin inhibiting hormone |
| PRH___secretion | Increase |
| PIH____secretions | Decrease |
| FSH | Follicle stimulating hormone |
| FSH stimulates the growth of the ____ (in women) | Ovarian follicle |
| FSH stimulates the growth of ____production (in men) | Sperm |
| GnRh | Gonadotropin releasing hormone |
| GnRh ____production of FSH | Increases |
| Inhibin form ovaries or testes___secretion | decreases |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone |
| LH stimulates the follicle to ovulate and develop into the ____ (in women) | Corpus Luteum |
| LH stimulates ____ cells to secrete testosterone in men (where it gets the name ICSH) | Interstitial |
| ICSH | Interstitial cell stimulating hormone |
| GnRh ____the secretion of LH | increases |
| Located anterior and bilateral to the trachea just inferior to the larynx | Thyroid |
| Thyroid gland has # lobes | 2 |
| Thyroid glad lobes are connected by | Isthmus |
| Structural unit of the thyroid gland | Thyroid follicles T3 contains # iodine molecules |
| T4 contains # iodine molecules | 4 |
| Enlarged thyroid | Goiter |
| Increases energy production and protein synthesis | Thyroid gland |
| Thyroid release is stimulated by TSH form the ______ | Anterior pituitary |
| Maintains normal blood levels of calcium ad phosphate by decreasing Reabsorption of calcium and phosphate | Calcitonin |
| Maintains normal blood levels of calcium ad phosphate by decreasing Reabsorption of calcium and phosphate____blood levels | Increasing |
| Calcitonin is stimulated by___ | Hypercalcemia |
| 2 glands on the posterior of each lobe of the thyroid gland | Parathyroid |
| PTH | Parathyroid gland |
| Antagonist to calcitonin | PTH |
| Antagonist to calcitonin thus___blood calcium and phosphate level | Increasing |
| Targets bones, small intestines and kidneys | PTH |
| PTH _____ demineralization and absorption from food | Increases |
| PTH stimulated by ____ | Hypercalcemia |
| Located in LUQ | Pancreas |
| This is classified as endocrine AND exocrine | Pancreas |
| Function al units are islets of Langerhans /pancreatic islets that are made of two cells | Pancreas |
| Function al units are islets of Langerhans/pancreatic islets that are made of two cells called | Alpha and beta |
| ___cells produce insulin | Beta |
| ___cells produce glucogon | Alpha |
| Stimulates liver to begin ___ and use lipids and AA for energy | Glycogenesis |
| Stimulating the liver to begin Glycogenesis and use lipids and AA for energy is called | Glucogenesis |
| Sugar production | Glucogenesis |
| Glucogon is stimulated by___ | Hypoglycemia |
| Glucogon rhyme | When glucose is gone, glucogon |
| Decreases blood sugar | Insulin |
| Insulin decreases blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose and stimulating___ in the liver and muscles | Glycogenesis |
| Insulin is stimulated by___ | Hyperglycemia |
| The _____ (3) do not need insulin to absorb glucose | Brain liver and kidneys |
| Adrenal glands aka | Suprarenal |
| Located at the top of each kidney | Adrenal glands |
| Adrenal glands are divided into # parts | 2 |
| Adrenal gland parts are | Medulla and cortex |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Fight or flight |
| Mimic the effect of the SNS | Sympathomimetic |
| Stimulated by the SNS | Adrenal medulla |
| Adrenal medulla secretes ____ and____ | epinephrine, norepinephrine Epinephrine aka |
| Norepinephrine aka | Noradrenaline |
| Subclass of amines | Catecholamines |
| Released in small amounts | Norepinephrine |
| Causes vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal m | Norephinephrine |
| Secreted in large amounts | Epinephrine |
| Increases heart rate and force of contractions | Epinephrine |
| Vasoconstriction in skin and viscera | Epinephrine |
| Vasodilatation in skeletal muscle | Epinephrine |
| Epinephrine causes vaso____ in skeletal muscle | Constriction |
| Epinephrine ____ bronchioles | Dilates |
| Epinephrine ____ peristalsis | Decreases |
| Epinephrine ____ glycogenolysis (energy) | Increases |
| Epinephrine ____ Glucogenesis from lipids | Increases |
| Epinephrine ____ cell respiration (into ATP) | Increases |
| Stronger that the SNS | Epinephrine |
| Secretes 3 types of steroid hormones | Adrenal cortex |
| 3 types of steroid hormones | Mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones |
| Sex hormones (2) | Estrogens, Androgens |
| ___hormones are produced in small amounts | Sex |
| Does the same as ADH | Aldosterone |
| The most abundant mineralcorticoid | Aldosterone |
| Aldosterone primary target is the ___ | Kidneys |
| Aldosterone ____ Reabsorption of Na+ | Increases |
| Aldosterone ___blood volume and BP | Increases |
| Aldosterone ____excretion of K+ | Increases |
| Kidneys secrete ___ when BP decrease | Renin |
| Renin causes plasma protein ____ to be made | Angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II causes____ and causes the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone | Vasoconstriction |
| What do lysozymes do | Destroy |
| ___ is a glugocorticoid | Cortisol |
| Increases glucogenesis from lipids and excess AA | Glucose sparing |
| Conserve3s glucose for use by the brain | Cortisol |
| ___ cells cannot convert other molecules n to glucose like other tissue types | Brain |
| ___ensures that available glucose gets used by the brain | Cortisol |
| Blocks histamines | Anti-inflammatory |
| Histamine increases capillary____ and allows lysozymes to spread | Permeability |
| Corticosteroids are modeled after____ | Cortisol |
| Cortisol is released during times of ____ or ____stress | Physical, psychological |
| ACTH from ____pituitary | Anterior |
| Estrogen is a ___ | Steroid |
| Secretes from the follicle cells and placenta during pregnancy | Estrogen |
| Is increased by FSH | Estrogen |
| Promotes maturation of the ovum and endometrium | Estrogen |
| Promotes secondary sex characteristics in women | Estrogen |
| Aids in growth of duct system in mammary glands | Estrogen Aid in growth of uterus |
| Aids in deposition of ___ tissue in hips and thighs | Fat |
| Aids in closure of growth plates in long bones | Estrogen |
| Lowers blood cholesterol and triglycerides | Estrogen |
| In med ___ is converted into estrogen | Testosterone |
| Progesterone is a ___ | Steroid |
| Secreted from the corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy | Progesterone |
| Promotes glycogensis | Progesterone |
| Promotes maturation of endothelium | Progesterone |
| Promotes development of secretory cells of memory glands | Progesterone |
| Inhibin is a ___ | Protein |
| Decreases FSH and GnRh | Inhibin |
| Testosterone is a __ | Steroid |
| Secreted by interstitial cells | Testosterone |
| Stimulated by LH | Testosterone |
| Promotes sperm maturation | Testosterone |
| Promotes secondary sex characteristics in males | Testosterone |
| Aids in growth of facial hair | Testosterone |
| Aids in enlargement of larynx | Testosterone |
| Aids in hypertrophy of skeletal muscle | Testosterone |
| Aids in closure of the growth plate in long bones | Testosterone |
| Secreted by sustentacular cells | Inhibin |
| Stimulated by testosterone | Inhibin |
| Decreases FSH | Inhibin |
| Hormone that helps you sleep and increases duration | Melatonin |
| Produced in pineal gland | Melatonin |
| Hormone increased during darkness | Melatonin |
| PG | Prostaglandins |
| Made in virtually all cells from phospholipids of their cell membranes | Prostaglandins |
| Hormone that is local and does not circulate in the blood | Prostaglandins |
| Hormones bond to ___ on target cells | Receptors |
| Only___ cells have the receptors | Target |
| Receptors are in the ___, ____, and____ | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| Protein hormones are the ___ mechanism | Messenger |
| Messengers stimulate a ___ | Response |
| First messenger-protein hormones bond to ____ receptors on the ___ | Surface, membrane |
| cAMP | Cyclic adenosinemonophosphate |
| CAMP is the ___ messenger | Second |
| Causes specific response specific to that cell based on enzymes within the cell | cAMP |
| Steroids are ___soluble | Lipid |
| Steroids___ through cell membrane | Defuse |
| Steroids combine with receptors in the ___ | Cytoplasm |
| The steroid protein complex enters the___ | Nucleus |
| Steroids activate specific ____to initiate___ and then___ | Genes, transcription, translation |
Created by:
Sarsileigh
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