The Senses
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| Provide us with information about our surrounding | the senses
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| Sensory pathways # parts | 4
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| Detect stimuli and generate impulses | Receptors
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| Types of stimuli | Pressure, temperature, pain, light
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| Functionally related bundles of fibers in the white matter of the spinal cord or brain | Sensory tracts
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| Usually in the cerebral cortex | Sensory areas
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| Perception of sensation in any given area | Projection
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| Perception of a pain in an area that doesn’t exist | Phantom pain
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| Number of receptors stimulated and the amount of stimulation in each | Intensity
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| Effect of a precious or simultaneous sensation on a current sensation | Contrast
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| Becoming less aware if continuous impulses with continued stimulation | Adaptation
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| Sensation remains in the consciousness after the stimulus has stopped | after image
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| Cutaneous senses | Skin
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| ___ nerve endings detect heat, cold, pain | Free
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| ___ nerve endings detect touch and pressure | Encapsulated
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| Sensory areas in the skin are in the ___lobe | Parietal
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| Sensitivity is determined by the ___ | Number of receptors present
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| Pain from a visceral organ felt in a cutaneous area | Referred pain
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| Detect stretching | Stretch receptors
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| General (conscious) sensation is felt in ___ lobe | Parietal
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| Subconscious muscle sense detected in ___ lobe | Cerebellum
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| Taste receptors | Taste buds
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| Detect chemicals in food dissolved in saliva | Chemoreceptors
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| Chemoreceptors are found | in papillae on the tongue
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| Taste is enhanced by___ | Smell
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| Taste impulses are transmitted by ____ and ___ nerves | Facial, glossopharyngeal
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| Olfactory receptors are ____ receptors | Chemo
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| Detect vaporized chemicals in the upper nasal cavity | Olfactory receptors
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| Hunger and thirst: visceral sensation triggered by___ | Internal changes
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| For hunger, detects ___ | Blood nutrient levels, hormones including glucose
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| For thirst, detects___ | Water concentration
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| Hunger sensation ___ if we don’t eat when adipose tissue is used for nutrients | Decreases
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| Thirst will __ is not satisfied | worsen
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| Eyelids and lacrimal apparatus are__ structures | Accessory
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| Eyelids are controlled by ___ muscle | Skeletal
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| Protection, lubrication, cleaning | Eyelids
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| Prevent dust | eyelids
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| Thin membrane that lines the eyelid and covers sclera | Conjunctiva
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| Produce tears | Lacrimal glands
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| Superior and lateral to the eye within the orbit (cavity) | Lacrimal gland
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| Lacrimal ducts release tears and blinking___ | Spreads them
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| Tears are ___% NaCl | 1
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| Tears contain | Lysozymes
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| Lysozymes | Clean up damage, phagocytize bacteria
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| Punta lacrimalia serves what purpose | Exiting
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| # chambers in the eyeball | 2
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| Chambers of the eyeball (2) | Anterior and Posterior
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| Vitreous chamber aka | Posterior chamber
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| Chamber between the lens and retina | Posterior chamber
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| Posterior chamber location | between lens and retina
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| Posterior chamber contains | Vitreous humor
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| Vitreous humor found it | Posterior chamber
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| Semisolid substance | Vitreous humor
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| Chamber between lens and cornea | Anterior
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| Anterior chamber location | between lens and cornea
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| Vitreous humor keeps___ in place | Retina
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| Anterior chamber contains | Aqueous humor
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| Aqueous humor is located | Anterior chamber
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| Aqueous humor is formed from ___ in the ciliary body | Capillaries
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| Aqueous humor is formed form capillaries in the ___ | Ciliary body
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| Aqueous humor is reabsorbed by ___ | Canal of Schlemm
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| Canal of Schlemm location | Anterior to iris
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| Aqueous humor nourishes ___ and ___ | Lens, cornea
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| Wall of eye has # parts | 3
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| Wall of eye parts 3 | Outer, inner, middle
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| Outer wall of eye | Sclera, cornea
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| Middle wall of eye | Choroids, iris, ciliary body
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| Inner wall of eye | Retina
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| Thickest fibrous connective tissue | Sclera
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| White part | Sclera
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| Transparent portion | Cornea
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| Has no capillaries | Cornea
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| First part of the pathway of light as it is refracted into the eye | Cornea
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| Choroid layer includes (2) | Ciliary body and iris
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| Contains blood vessels | Choroid layer
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| Circular muscle that surrounds and is connected to the lens | Ciliary body
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| Ciliary body connected by | Suspensory ligaments
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| Ciliary changes____ so we can focus | Shape of lens
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| Colored part of the eye | Iris
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| Anterior to the lens | Iris
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| Has circular and radial muscle fibers | Iris
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| Opening in the iris | Pupil
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| Contraction of the radial fibers | Dilation
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| Contraction of the circular fibers | Constriction
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| Lets more light in, darkness | Dilation
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| Blocks light when bright | Constriction
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| Posterior 2/3 of eye | Retina
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| Contains___ receptors | Visual
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| Visual receptors (2) | Rods and cones
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| Detect ALL wavelengths of visible light | Rods
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| Most abundant in the periphery of the eye | Rods
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| Detect colors | Cones
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| Detect different wavelengths of visible light | Cones
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| Abundant in the center of the retina | Cones
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| Small depression in the macula that contains only cones and is the area for best color vision | Fovea centralis
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| Opening where the optic nerve exit’s the eye | Optic disk
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| Blind spot | Optic disk
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| Psychology of vision | Light is focused on the retina receptors generate impulse visual areas of the brain interpret
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| Bending of light rays as they pass through the eye | Refraction
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| Adjustable part of the refractory system | Lens
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| Focuses image on __ | Retina
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| At rest ___ pull the lens tight | Suspensory ligaments
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| Pulling the lens tight____ the lens | Flattens
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| When focusing on near objects the ____ contracts | Ciliary muscle
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| When the ciliary muscle contracts makes the lens___ | A small circle
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| Becomes less elastic with age | Presbyopia
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| Chemical rhodopsin | Rods
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| Chemical reaction that breaks down into retinal and other proteins | Cones
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| Requires specific wavelengths | Cones
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| 2 eyes | Binocular vision
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| Allows for depth perception | Binocular vision
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| Binocular vision requires eyes___ to eliminate double vision | Converge
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| The ear has # areas | 3
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| 3 areas of the ear | Outer, inner and middle
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| Ear contains receptors for ___ and ___ | Hearing, equilibrium
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| Receptors for hearing and equilibrium are found in ____ear | Inner
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| Auricle and ear canal | Outer ear
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| Cartilage covered with skin | Auricle
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| External auditory meatus aka | Ear canal
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| Lined with ceruminous and sebaceous glands | Ear canal
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| Air filled cavity that contains the ossicles and is drained by eustachian tubes | Middle ear
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| Tympanic membrane aka | Ear drum
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| Separates the middle and outer ear | Ear drum
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| Ossicles (3) | Malleus, incus, stapes
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| Transfer and amplify sound to oval window of inner ear | Ossicles
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| Auditory tubes aka | Eustachian tubes
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| Eustachian tubes extend from___ to ___ | Middle ear to nasopharynx
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| Permits air to enter or leave | Eustachian tubes
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| Can plug and cause pressure when change in elevation occurs | Eustachian tubes
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| Middle ear infection aka | Otitis media
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| Cavity called bony labyrinth in the temporal bones | Inner ear
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| Inner ear contains (2) | Cochlea, vestibule
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| For equilibrium | Vestibule
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| For hearing | Cochlea
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| Inner ear lined with | Membranous labyrinth
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| Fluid between bone and membranous labyrinth | Perilymph
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| Fluid within the membranous labyrinth | Endolymph
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| Snail shell shaped structure | Cochlea
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| Contains the organ of Corti | Cochlear duct
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| Receptors in cochlear duct | Hair cells
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| Hair cells have special | Microvili Specialized microvili called
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| Hearing | sound waves ear canaltempanic membrane malleus incusstapesoval windowperilymph and endolymph in cochleahair cells to the organ of Corti cranial nerve 8 temporal lobe
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| Membrane covered window just below oval window | Round window
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| Bulges out to relieve pressure when the oval window is depressed | Round window
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| Vestibular apparatus aka | Vestibule
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| Impulses carried by___ portion of acoustic nerve to the cerebellum, midbrain, and temporal lobes | Vestibular
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| Parts of the brain in charge of equilibrium | Cerebellum and midbrain
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| Conscious awareness | Temporal lobes
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| Membranous sacs in the vestibule (2) | Utricle and saccule
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| Equilibrium at rest | Static equilibrium
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| Hair cells detect movement of___ | Otoliths
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| 3 fluid filled membranous ovals oriented in different planes | Semicircular canals
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| Equilibrium while moving | Dynamic equilibrium
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| Base of each semicircular canal | Ampulla
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| Hair cells detect movement of ___ in the canal by bending | Endolymph
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| Detect change in blood | Arterial receptors
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| Arterial receptors are located (2) | Aorta and carotid arteries
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| Baroreceptors aka | Pressoreceptors
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| Detect BP | Pressoreceptors
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| Detect Co2, O2 and pH | Chemoreceptors
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