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I. Anat 9
The Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Provide us with information about our surrounding | the senses |
| Sensory pathways # parts | 4 |
| Detect stimuli and generate impulses | Receptors |
| Types of stimuli | Pressure, temperature, pain, light |
| Functionally related bundles of fibers in the white matter of the spinal cord or brain | Sensory tracts |
| Usually in the cerebral cortex | Sensory areas |
| Perception of sensation in any given area | Projection |
| Perception of a pain in an area that doesn’t exist | Phantom pain |
| Number of receptors stimulated and the amount of stimulation in each | Intensity |
| Effect of a precious or simultaneous sensation on a current sensation | Contrast |
| Becoming less aware if continuous impulses with continued stimulation | Adaptation |
| Sensation remains in the consciousness after the stimulus has stopped | after image |
| Cutaneous senses | Skin |
| ___ nerve endings detect heat, cold, pain | Free |
| ___ nerve endings detect touch and pressure | Encapsulated |
| Sensory areas in the skin are in the ___lobe | Parietal |
| Sensitivity is determined by the ___ | Number of receptors present |
| Pain from a visceral organ felt in a cutaneous area | Referred pain |
| Detect stretching | Stretch receptors |
| General (conscious) sensation is felt in ___ lobe | Parietal |
| Subconscious muscle sense detected in ___ lobe | Cerebellum |
| Taste receptors | Taste buds |
| Detect chemicals in food dissolved in saliva | Chemoreceptors |
| Chemoreceptors are found | in papillae on the tongue |
| Taste is enhanced by___ | Smell |
| Taste impulses are transmitted by ____ and ___ nerves | Facial, glossopharyngeal |
| Olfactory receptors are ____ receptors | Chemo |
| Detect vaporized chemicals in the upper nasal cavity | Olfactory receptors |
| Hunger and thirst: visceral sensation triggered by___ | Internal changes |
| For hunger, detects ___ | Blood nutrient levels, hormones including glucose |
| For thirst, detects___ | Water concentration |
| Hunger sensation ___ if we don’t eat when adipose tissue is used for nutrients | Decreases |
| Thirst will __ is not satisfied | worsen |
| Eyelids and lacrimal apparatus are__ structures | Accessory |
| Eyelids are controlled by ___ muscle | Skeletal |
| Protection, lubrication, cleaning | Eyelids |
| Prevent dust | eyelids |
| Thin membrane that lines the eyelid and covers sclera | Conjunctiva |
| Produce tears | Lacrimal glands |
| Superior and lateral to the eye within the orbit (cavity) | Lacrimal gland |
| Lacrimal ducts release tears and blinking___ | Spreads them |
| Tears are ___% NaCl | 1 |
| Tears contain | Lysozymes |
| Lysozymes | Clean up damage, phagocytize bacteria |
| Punta lacrimalia serves what purpose | Exiting |
| # chambers in the eyeball | 2 |
| Chambers of the eyeball (2) | Anterior and Posterior |
| Vitreous chamber aka | Posterior chamber |
| Chamber between the lens and retina | Posterior chamber |
| Posterior chamber location | between lens and retina |
| Posterior chamber contains | Vitreous humor |
| Vitreous humor found it | Posterior chamber |
| Semisolid substance | Vitreous humor |
| Chamber between lens and cornea | Anterior |
| Anterior chamber location | between lens and cornea |
| Vitreous humor keeps___ in place | Retina |
| Anterior chamber contains | Aqueous humor |
| Aqueous humor is located | Anterior chamber |
| Aqueous humor is formed from ___ in the ciliary body | Capillaries |
| Aqueous humor is formed form capillaries in the ___ | Ciliary body |
| Aqueous humor is reabsorbed by ___ | Canal of Schlemm |
| Canal of Schlemm location | Anterior to iris |
| Aqueous humor nourishes ___ and ___ | Lens, cornea |
| Wall of eye has # parts | 3 |
| Wall of eye parts 3 | Outer, inner, middle |
| Outer wall of eye | Sclera, cornea |
| Middle wall of eye | Choroids, iris, ciliary body |
| Inner wall of eye | Retina |
| Thickest fibrous connective tissue | Sclera |
| White part | Sclera |
| Transparent portion | Cornea |
| Has no capillaries | Cornea |
| First part of the pathway of light as it is refracted into the eye | Cornea |
| Choroid layer includes (2) | Ciliary body and iris |
| Contains blood vessels | Choroid layer |
| Circular muscle that surrounds and is connected to the lens | Ciliary body |
| Ciliary body connected by | Suspensory ligaments |
| Ciliary changes____ so we can focus | Shape of lens |
| Colored part of the eye | Iris |
| Anterior to the lens | Iris |
| Has circular and radial muscle fibers | Iris |
| Opening in the iris | Pupil |
| Contraction of the radial fibers | Dilation |
| Contraction of the circular fibers | Constriction |
| Lets more light in, darkness | Dilation |
| Blocks light when bright | Constriction |
| Posterior 2/3 of eye | Retina |
| Contains___ receptors | Visual |
| Visual receptors (2) | Rods and cones |
| Detect ALL wavelengths of visible light | Rods |
| Most abundant in the periphery of the eye | Rods |
| Detect colors | Cones |
| Detect different wavelengths of visible light | Cones |
| Abundant in the center of the retina | Cones |
| Small depression in the macula that contains only cones and is the area for best color vision | Fovea centralis |
| Opening where the optic nerve exit’s the eye | Optic disk |
| Blind spot | Optic disk |
| Psychology of vision | Light is focused on the retina receptors generate impulse visual areas of the brain interpret |
| Bending of light rays as they pass through the eye | Refraction |
| Adjustable part of the refractory system | Lens |
| Focuses image on __ | Retina |
| At rest ___ pull the lens tight | Suspensory ligaments |
| Pulling the lens tight____ the lens | Flattens |
| When focusing on near objects the ____ contracts | Ciliary muscle |
| When the ciliary muscle contracts makes the lens___ | A small circle |
| Becomes less elastic with age | Presbyopia |
| Chemical rhodopsin | Rods |
| Chemical reaction that breaks down into retinal and other proteins | Cones |
| Requires specific wavelengths | Cones |
| 2 eyes | Binocular vision |
| Allows for depth perception | Binocular vision |
| Binocular vision requires eyes___ to eliminate double vision | Converge |
| The ear has # areas | 3 |
| 3 areas of the ear | Outer, inner and middle |
| Ear contains receptors for ___ and ___ | Hearing, equilibrium |
| Receptors for hearing and equilibrium are found in ____ear | Inner |
| Auricle and ear canal | Outer ear |
| Cartilage covered with skin | Auricle |
| External auditory meatus aka | Ear canal |
| Lined with ceruminous and sebaceous glands | Ear canal |
| Air filled cavity that contains the ossicles and is drained by eustachian tubes | Middle ear |
| Tympanic membrane aka | Ear drum |
| Separates the middle and outer ear | Ear drum |
| Ossicles (3) | Malleus, incus, stapes |
| Transfer and amplify sound to oval window of inner ear | Ossicles |
| Auditory tubes aka | Eustachian tubes |
| Eustachian tubes extend from___ to ___ | Middle ear to nasopharynx |
| Permits air to enter or leave | Eustachian tubes |
| Can plug and cause pressure when change in elevation occurs | Eustachian tubes |
| Middle ear infection aka | Otitis media |
| Cavity called bony labyrinth in the temporal bones | Inner ear |
| Inner ear contains (2) | Cochlea, vestibule |
| For equilibrium | Vestibule |
| For hearing | Cochlea |
| Inner ear lined with | Membranous labyrinth |
| Fluid between bone and membranous labyrinth | Perilymph |
| Fluid within the membranous labyrinth | Endolymph |
| Snail shell shaped structure | Cochlea |
| Contains the organ of Corti | Cochlear duct |
| Receptors in cochlear duct | Hair cells |
| Hair cells have special | Microvili Specialized microvili called |
| Hearing | sound waves ear canaltempanic membrane malleus incusstapesoval windowperilymph and endolymph in cochleahair cells to the organ of Corti cranial nerve 8 temporal lobe |
| Membrane covered window just below oval window | Round window |
| Bulges out to relieve pressure when the oval window is depressed | Round window |
| Vestibular apparatus aka | Vestibule |
| Impulses carried by___ portion of acoustic nerve to the cerebellum, midbrain, and temporal lobes | Vestibular |
| Parts of the brain in charge of equilibrium | Cerebellum and midbrain |
| Conscious awareness | Temporal lobes |
| Membranous sacs in the vestibule (2) | Utricle and saccule |
| Equilibrium at rest | Static equilibrium |
| Hair cells detect movement of___ | Otoliths |
| 3 fluid filled membranous ovals oriented in different planes | Semicircular canals |
| Equilibrium while moving | Dynamic equilibrium |
| Base of each semicircular canal | Ampulla |
| Hair cells detect movement of ___ in the canal by bending | Endolymph |
| Detect change in blood | Arterial receptors |
| Arterial receptors are located (2) | Aorta and carotid arteries |
| Baroreceptors aka | Pressoreceptors |
| Detect BP | Pressoreceptors |
| Detect Co2, O2 and pH | Chemoreceptors |
Created by:
Sarsileigh
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