blood
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| name the 5 functions of blood | transports nutrients & wastes, regulates pH & ion composition of interstitial fluid, restricts fluid loss at injury site, defends against pathogens, stabilizes temperature
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| describe how blood stabilizes body temperature | absorbs heat generated by muscles and redistributes it
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| what is the temperature of blood? | 100.4
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| how much body weight is due to blood? | 8%
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| describe blood matrix | 55% of blood, comprised of water (90%), plasma proteins, and fibrinogen
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| describe the plasma proteins | albumin:55-60%, manufactured in liver, maintains water balance, transports fatty acids/thyroid/ steroidal hormones
globulins:35-37%, alpha&beta move hormones/lipids/metals/fat-soluble vitamins; immunoglobulins (gamma) are antibodies
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| describe fibrinogen | 4-7% of plasma, aid in clotting
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| briefly describe the cells of the blood | 45% of blood, RBCs carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, WBCs carry out phagocytosis, platelets carry out clotting
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| what is the difference between plasma and serum? | plasma has all constituents including clotting proteins, serum has all constituents other than clotting proteins
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| describe the origin of blood | derived from the angioblast that splits into an endothelial cell (CV system) and a reticulum cell (blood cells)
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| where does hematopoiesis occur? | red marrow, in the epiphysis of long bones and all short/flat/irregular bones
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| name the four things that aid hematopoiesis | intrinsic factor, B12, erthyropoietin, reticulo-endothelial organs
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| describe the reticulo-endothelial organs | liver: stores iron and is involved in early blood cell formation
spleen: recycles red blood cells
red marrow: contains stem cells that form RBCs, WBCs and platelets
lymph nodes/lymphoid tissue: differentiation site for agranulocytic WBCs
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| briefly describe red blood cells | originate from proerythroblast, manufactured in red marrow, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
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| what is anisocytosis and what does it include? | size variation
microcyte: <6, iron deficiency anemia
macrocyte: 9-12, sprue
megalocyte: >12, pernicious anemia
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| describe the staining properties of red blood cells | hypochromia: decreased color (decreased hemoglobin), occurs in iron deficiency anemia
polychromasia: color variation (increased hemoglobin), occurs in pernicious anemia
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| define poikilocytosis | cell shape variation
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| describe hemoglobin | housed in cell's biconcavity, has a heme portion (oxygen affinity) and a globin-protein portion (carbon dioxide affinity), has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
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| what does -cytosis mean? -cytopenia? | cell increase, cell decrease
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| briefly describe platelets | derived from megakaryocyte, which comes from a megakaryoblast, manufactured in red marrow, live 10 days, provide clotting
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| how do thrombocytes affect clotting? | release chemicals, form a temporary patch, provide active contraction of actin and myosin filaments
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| describe the anatomy of thrombocytes | cytoplasmic fragments with purplish granules, derived from the cytoplasm splitting of the megakaryocyte
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| describe the granules of thrombocytes | alpha: house PDGF that aids in vessel repair
dense: house serotonin for vascular spasm, ATP for energy, ADP to attract platelets, calcium, factor 13, enzymes
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| briefly describe white blood cells | live between a few hours to 100 days, carry out phagocytosis, includes granulocytic (parent cell myeloblast) and agranulocytic (parent cell lymphoblast & monoblast) WBCs
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| name the granulocytic white blood cells | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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| describe neutrophils | lavender cytoplasm, granules containing digestive enzymes and defensin, most numerous (50-70%), first to arrive in inflammation or infection, multi-lobated nucleus
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| describe basophils | deep blue cytoplasmic granules, rarest (0-1%), increases with parasitic infections and allergies, resembles mast cells because both release histamine and heparin
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| describe eosinophils | large red cytoplasmic granules, bilobated nucleus, 1-5%, increases in allergies and parasitic infestations
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| name the agranulocytic white blood cells | lymphocytes, monocytes
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| describe lymphocytes | derived from lymphoblast, begin in red marrow but complete growth in lymphoid nodes and tissues, smallest WBC, light blue cytoplasm and mostly nucleated, increases in antigen-antibody reactions, second-most numerous (20-30%), two types
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| describe monocytes | derived from monoblast, largest WBC, most phagocytic, 1-10%, second to arrive in inflammation or infection, large horseshoe shaped nucleus, enlarge as they squeeze through vessel walls
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| describe the three stages of clotting | vascular: vasoconstriction platelet: platelet aggregation coagluation: clotting factors come into play
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| describe the first step of the clotting process | wound -> vasoconstriction -> platelet aggregation -> ADP release to increase size and stickiness -> emergency plug formation -> thromboplastin, factor 3 secretion
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| describe the second step of the clotting process | thromboplastin + calcium -> intervention of factors 5-12 in sequence -> thrombin release
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| describe the third step of the clotting process | thrombin + fibrinogen -> fibrin (full clot) + fibrin stabilizing factor (13)
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| describe prothrombin | factor 2, produced in liver, requires vitamin K for its manufacture, measured in anticoagulant use (PT)
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| describe syneresis | first step after clotting, the clot retracts from the vessel walls and pulls the tissue together
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| describe fibrinolysis | begins within 2 days
clot formation -> TPA release -> plasminogen converts to plasmin -> plasmin digests fibrin to which the clot is attached -> clot breakdown
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| the presence of absence of ________ is determined by genes | antigens
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| define phenotype | physical expression of a gene
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| define genotype | genetic expression of a gene
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| define agglutinogen | glycoprotein surface antigen found on red blood cells
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| define agglutinin | antibody found in plasma or serum
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| define agglutination | clumping reaction that occurs between an agglutinin and agglutinogen
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| what is the difference between forward and reverse typing? | forward tests whole blood for agglutinogens, reverse tests serum for agglutinins
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| describe what it means to be Rh+ | 85-89% of people, a surface antigen is present on the red blood cells
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| describe what it means to be Rh- | no surface antigen is present on the red blood cells
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| when would anti-Rh antibodies be formed? | when an Rh- individual is exposed to incompatability
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| describe the purpose of Rhogam and when it would be used | Rhogam is used to prevent future incompatibility between mother and baby, because the birth of the first child may have caused antibodies to be formed in the mother. Rhogam is use after a Rh- mother births a Rh+ baby
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| why is type O blood known as a universal donor? | it doesn't have agglutinogens that would cause a reaction with the receiver's blood antibodies
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| why is type AB blood known as the universal reciepient? | it doesn't have antibodies that would react with a donor's blood
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| describe type A blood | A antigen present on cell surface, anti-B antibodies present, compatible with A and O blood
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| describe type B blood | B antigen present on cell surface, anti-A antibodies present, compatible with B and O blood
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| describe type AB blood | A and B antigens present on cell surface, neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies present, compatible with all blood types
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| describe type O blood | neither A nor B antigens present on cell surface, both anti-A and anti-B antibodies present, compatible with only O blood
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| describe T and B cells | lymphocytes, T cells are involved in cellular immunity and interact directly with pathogens, B cells are involved in humeral immunity and produce antibodies against pathogens
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