Clin Lab 1- Equipment, Hematology and Morphology
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| macroscopic | of large size, visible to the unaided eye
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| microscopic | of extremely small size, visible only with the aid of a microscope
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| working distance | distance between the objective and the top surface of the specimen when in focus
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| resolution | degree to which the microscope will produce detail of an image; the better the microscope the better the resolution
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| field | the viewable area when looking into a microscope
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| magnification | the degree to which an image is enlarged
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| total magnification | objective magnification power multiplied by the eyepiece magnification
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| parafocal | the ability of the microscope to remain in primary focus when switching from one objective magnification to another; only fine adjustment is necessary
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| reversibility | mirrors within the microscope that reverse the image so the specimen can be revealed
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| monocular | microscope with 1 eyepiece
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| binocular | microscope with 2 eye pieces
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| compound microscope | composed of 2 or more magnifying lenses
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| bright field microscope | utilizes a bright background; the image shows up darker
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| dark field microscope | utilizes a dark background; has a special condenser and image appears lighter
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| fluorescent microscope | uses fluorescent dyes causing the specimen to self-illuminate; main use is microbiology and virus testing
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| electron microscope | uses electron activity for illumination; most powerful
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| neck | structural site of attachment for nose piece
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| stand | support for the microscope
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| stage | where the slide is placed
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| stage fingers | hold the slide
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| turret | holds the objectives and rotates easily
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| objectives | most microscopes have 3-4
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| 4x objective | used to scan or quickly look at a specimen
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| 10x objective | low power-identifies larger specimens and locates areas of a slide; fecals, urine casts, Knotts HWTs, external parasite viewing
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| 40x objective | high dry-
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| 100x objective | oil immersion largest objective
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| coarse focus knob | larger knob-engaged first to allow object to be seen in the field
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| fine focus knob | smaller knob- used second to bring object into focus
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| condenser | gathers, organizes, and directs light through the specimen from under the microscope
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| iris diaphragm | shutter attachment under the condenser which helps limit the amount of light to the condenser
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| The higher the magnification, the ______ light required. | more
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| The lower the magnification, the ______ the working distance. | larger
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| centrifuge | separates cells and particles from the fluids they reside in; concentrates cells or sediment materials for analysis
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| micro-hematocrit centrifuge | separates blood cells from plasma, PCV/TP, can show lipemic/hemolized/jaundiced/leukocytosis of the sample
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| refractometer | specific gravity and TP
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| hemocytometer | counts WBCs, RBCs, and platelets
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| Wet Chemistry Analyzer | uses light specific wavelengths
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| Dry Chemistry Analyzer | uses reagents
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| Electric Cell Counters | counts RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and MCH
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| What are the 3 main functions of blood? | 1. transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and hormones 2. regulation of body temperature, tissue fluid content, and blood pH 3. defense system- white blood cells phagocytize, platelets and clotting factors
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| What is the fluid portion of blood made up of? | plasma
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| What is the cellular portion of blood made up of? | Rbcs, Wbcs, and platelets
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| erythrocyte | red blood cell
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| leukocyte | white blood cell
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| erythropoesis | the formation or production of RBCs
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| leukopoiesis | the formation or production of WBCs
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| What is the function of RBCs? | carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and cells
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| Where are RBCs produced? | the bone marrow
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| What is the primary solid of RBCs? | hemoglobin
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| What typically causes anemia? | lack of production, destruction by the body, or blood loss due to trauma
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| anemia | decrease of RBCs
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| polycythemia | increase of RBCs
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| What typically causes polycythemia? | increase of RBC production or a release from the spleen
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| hemoglobin | iron and protein molecules attached to the RBC
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| What is necessary for a RBC to function and gives blood its red pigment? | hemoglobin
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| What can cause a decrease of hemoglobin? | anemia due to blood loss or malnutrition (low iron)
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| hypochromic anemia | anemia due to not enough hemoglobin in the blood
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| plasma | liquid portion of the blood
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| What portion of plasma is water? | 90%
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| serum | plasma where the fibrinogen has been removed
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| plasma protein | protein solids dissolved in the plasma
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| What is the main function of the WBCs? | protect the body against microorganisms causing disease (virus and bacteria)
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| What are the 2 categories of WBCs? | granulocytes and agranulocytes
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| What are the granulocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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| What are the agranulocytes? | lymphocytes and monocytes
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| What typically is indicated by a decrease in WBCs? | bone marrow deficiency
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| What is necessary for clotting to occur? | platelets
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| Where are platelets formed? | in the bone marrow
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| Where are 1/3rd of all the platelets in the body located? | spleen
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| Where are 2/3rd of all the platelets in the body located? | in the circulating blood
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| hematology | the science of dealing with blood and blood forming tissues
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| hematopoiesis | formation and development of blood cells; usually in the bone marrow
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| in vitro | outside the lining of the body
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| whole blood | blood as it comes out of an artery or vein
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| aplastic | having no tendency to develop into a new tissue
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| bleeding time | the time it takes for a small, pin-point wound to stop bleeding
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| crenation | the formation of abnormal notching around the edge of an erythrocyte
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| heinz body | denatured hemoglobin that has fused to the RBC membrane
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| Howell-Jolly Body | small, round, or oval bodies seen in erythrocytes when stains are added to fresh blood and found in various types of anemia after speenectomy or reduced splenic function
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| normocyte | erythrocyte that is normal in size, shape and color
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| macrocytic | larger than normal cells
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| microcytic | smaller than normal cells
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| normochromic | normal color of erythrocytes
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| unopette | method for diluting blood in preparing for counting blood cells
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| polychromasia | variation in the color and staining of RBCs
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| left shift | alteration in the distribution of WBCs in the peripheral blood where there is an increase in the number of immature neutrophils
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| monocytosis | an excess of monocytes in the blood
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| monocytopenia | a deficiency of monocytes in the blood
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| lymphopenia | decrease of the number of lymphocytes in the blood
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| lymphocytosis | excess number of lymphocytes in the blood
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| eosinopenia | abnormal deficiency of eosinophils in the blood
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| eosinophillia | the formation and accumulation of an abnormally large number of eosinophils in the blood
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| basopenia | deficiency of basophils
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| pancytopenia | abnormal depression of all the cellular elements of the blood
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| thrombocytopenia | decrease in the number of platelets in circulating blood
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| thrombocytosis | increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood
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| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a red top tube have? | nothing
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| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a marble/tiger top tube have? | a silicone plug and a clot activator
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| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a lavender top tube have? | EDTA-ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid
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| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a blue top tube have? | sodium citrate
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| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a green top tube have? | lithium heparin
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| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a gray top tube have? | sodium fluoride or potassium oxylate
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| What blood tubes yield serum? | red and tiger top
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| What blood tubes yield plasma? | blue, green, gray, and lavender
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| What are the 2 main goals in veinipunture? | minimize trauma to the vein and reduce stress to the patient
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| What should influence the gauge of the needle used? | patient and vessel size, amount of blood needed, use of the sample, tech preference
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| What influences the size of syringe used? | patient and vessel size, amount of blood needed, use of sample, tech preference
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| What makes up whole blood? | fluid=plasma, and cells=RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
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| Packed Cell Volume (PCV) | the percent of RBCs in whole blood
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| What makes up the buffy coat layer in a PCV? | WBCs and platelets
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| What is included in the complete blood count (CBC)? | 1. PCV 2. Hemoglobin Concentration 3. TP 4. RBC Count 5. WBC Count 6. Differential WBC count
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| clear-straw colored plasma | normal
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| yellow-orange colored plasma | icteric
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| red colored plasma | hemolysis
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| white colored plasma | lipemic
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| What is the normal range for PCV for dogs? | 37-55%
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| What is the normal range for PCV for cats? | 24-45%
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| What is another name for PCV? | hematocrit
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| What are the 3 most common plasma proteins? | albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
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| Mean corpuscular volume | indicates size or volume of 1 average RBC (fl)
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| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin | measures the mean weight of hemoglobin on the average RBC (pg)
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| mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration | measures the average hemoglobin concentration in each RBC (g/dl)
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| thrombocyte count | indicates the ability of the blood to clot
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| reticulocyte count | used to evaluate the bone marrow's response to anemia-regenerative means the bone marrow is responding and there is an increase of reticulocytes
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| erythropoesis | the formation/production of RBCs
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| What is the red blood cell maturation series from youngest to oldest? | rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte, and mature RBC
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| What premature RBCs are only found in the bone marrow? | rubriblast and prorubricyte
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| What premature RBCs are only found in cases of severe anemia? | rubricyte and metarubricyte
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| What is found in the blood when the body is regenerating or responding to anemia? | reticulocyte
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| What animals is it normal to find a nucleus in the mature RBCs? | birds, reptiles, and amphibians
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| macrocytosis | an increase of larger than normal RBCs, usually immature
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| microcytosis | an increase of smaller than normal RBCs, seen in iron deficiencies
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| normacytic | normal sized mature RBCs
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| normochromic | a mature cell that stains pink in color with an area of central pallor
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| polychromasia | cells that have a blueish tint due to remaining organelles in the cytoplasm
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| hypochromasia | decrease in staining intensity due to decrease in cellular hemoglobin
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| ancanthocyte/spur cells | cells with irregular shaped margins and unevenly distributed surface projections of variable length and diameter coming from the cell wall
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| crenation | cells with spiny projections evenly distributed around the cell membrane
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| echinocyte/burr cells | spiculated cells with numerous, short, evenly spaced, blunt to sharp surface projections of uniform size and shape
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| codocytes | target cells-
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| leptocytes | large, thin RBC that is folded or distorted due to increased membrane and decreased volume (folded/lips)
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| stomatocyte | large, thin cell that warps when passing through small blood vessels (piggy bank cell)
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| spherocyte | smaller, dense and dark staining, lacking central pallor and can no longer maintain disc shape
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| dacryocyte | teardrop in shape
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| elliptocyte | oval in shape
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| keratocyte | cell that often has 2 membrane projections (horns) also known as a helmet cell
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| torocyte | punched out cell
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| schistocytes | fragmented RBCs
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| rouleaux | RBCs appearing as stacks or rows of coins (normal in horses)
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| agglutination | clumping of RBCs
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| anisocytosis | variation in size of RBCs
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| poikilocytosis | a general presence of a variation in cell shape
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| Howell-Jolly Bodies | RBCs that retain small, round nuclear fragments
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| Heinz Bodies | small, refractive round areas of denatured hemoglobin attached to the cell membrane
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| basophillic stippling | small, blue staining granules within the RBC seen in ruminant regenerative anemia or lead poisoning
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| What are the 3 areas of a blood smear? | monolayer, body, and feathered edge
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| When the feathered edge is scanned, what are you looking for? | platelet clumps, abnormal cells, and heartworms
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| What area is best when evaluating RBC abnormalities? | monolayer
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| What area is too thick to evaluate cells? | body
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| primary hemostasis | formation of the platelet plug
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| secondary hemostasis | stabilization of the platelet plug with fibrin
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| tertiary hemostasis | destruction of the clot
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| hemostasis | the ability of the body's systems to maintain the integrity of blood and blood vessels
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| What stages of heartworm develop in the mosquito only? | L1-L3
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| What are clinical signs of heartworm disease? | fatigue easily, cough, rough appearance, ascites, collapse
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| What are the 3 stages of treatment for heartworm? | 1. adulticide 2. microfilaricidal 3. prophylactic therapy
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| How is hemobartonella felis transmitted? | fleas and ticks
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| What kind of organism is Ehrlichia canis? | rickettsial organism
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| microfilaria? | baby heartworms
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| Where in a blood smear do you look for microfilaria? | feathered edge
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