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Lab 1- Hematology
Clin Lab 1- Equipment, Hematology and Morphology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| macroscopic | of large size, visible to the unaided eye |
| microscopic | of extremely small size, visible only with the aid of a microscope |
| working distance | distance between the objective and the top surface of the specimen when in focus |
| resolution | degree to which the microscope will produce detail of an image; the better the microscope the better the resolution |
| field | the viewable area when looking into a microscope |
| magnification | the degree to which an image is enlarged |
| total magnification | objective magnification power multiplied by the eyepiece magnification |
| parafocal | the ability of the microscope to remain in primary focus when switching from one objective magnification to another; only fine adjustment is necessary |
| reversibility | mirrors within the microscope that reverse the image so the specimen can be revealed |
| monocular | microscope with 1 eyepiece |
| binocular | microscope with 2 eye pieces |
| compound microscope | composed of 2 or more magnifying lenses |
| bright field microscope | utilizes a bright background; the image shows up darker |
| dark field microscope | utilizes a dark background; has a special condenser and image appears lighter |
| fluorescent microscope | uses fluorescent dyes causing the specimen to self-illuminate; main use is microbiology and virus testing |
| electron microscope | uses electron activity for illumination; most powerful |
| neck | structural site of attachment for nose piece |
| stand | support for the microscope |
| stage | where the slide is placed |
| stage fingers | hold the slide |
| turret | holds the objectives and rotates easily |
| objectives | most microscopes have 3-4 |
| 4x objective | used to scan or quickly look at a specimen |
| 10x objective | low power-identifies larger specimens and locates areas of a slide; fecals, urine casts, Knotts HWTs, external parasite viewing |
| 40x objective | high dry- |
| 100x objective | oil immersion largest objective |
| coarse focus knob | larger knob-engaged first to allow object to be seen in the field |
| fine focus knob | smaller knob- used second to bring object into focus |
| condenser | gathers, organizes, and directs light through the specimen from under the microscope |
| iris diaphragm | shutter attachment under the condenser which helps limit the amount of light to the condenser |
| The higher the magnification, the ______ light required. | more |
| The lower the magnification, the ______ the working distance. | larger |
| centrifuge | separates cells and particles from the fluids they reside in; concentrates cells or sediment materials for analysis |
| micro-hematocrit centrifuge | separates blood cells from plasma, PCV/TP, can show lipemic/hemolized/jaundiced/leukocytosis of the sample |
| refractometer | specific gravity and TP |
| hemocytometer | counts WBCs, RBCs, and platelets |
| Wet Chemistry Analyzer | uses light specific wavelengths |
| Dry Chemistry Analyzer | uses reagents |
| Electric Cell Counters | counts RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and MCH |
| What are the 3 main functions of blood? | 1. transportation of oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and hormones 2. regulation of body temperature, tissue fluid content, and blood pH 3. defense system- white blood cells phagocytize, platelets and clotting factors |
| What is the fluid portion of blood made up of? | plasma |
| What is the cellular portion of blood made up of? | Rbcs, Wbcs, and platelets |
| erythrocyte | red blood cell |
| leukocyte | white blood cell |
| erythropoesis | the formation or production of RBCs |
| leukopoiesis | the formation or production of WBCs |
| What is the function of RBCs? | carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and cells |
| Where are RBCs produced? | the bone marrow |
| What is the primary solid of RBCs? | hemoglobin |
| What typically causes anemia? | lack of production, destruction by the body, or blood loss due to trauma |
| anemia | decrease of RBCs |
| polycythemia | increase of RBCs |
| What typically causes polycythemia? | increase of RBC production or a release from the spleen |
| hemoglobin | iron and protein molecules attached to the RBC |
| What is necessary for a RBC to function and gives blood its red pigment? | hemoglobin |
| What can cause a decrease of hemoglobin? | anemia due to blood loss or malnutrition (low iron) |
| hypochromic anemia | anemia due to not enough hemoglobin in the blood |
| plasma | liquid portion of the blood |
| What portion of plasma is water? | 90% |
| serum | plasma where the fibrinogen has been removed |
| plasma protein | protein solids dissolved in the plasma |
| What is the main function of the WBCs? | protect the body against microorganisms causing disease (virus and bacteria) |
| What are the 2 categories of WBCs? | granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| What are the granulocytes? | neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| What are the agranulocytes? | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| What typically is indicated by a decrease in WBCs? | bone marrow deficiency |
| What is necessary for clotting to occur? | platelets |
| Where are platelets formed? | in the bone marrow |
| Where are 1/3rd of all the platelets in the body located? | spleen |
| Where are 2/3rd of all the platelets in the body located? | in the circulating blood |
| hematology | the science of dealing with blood and blood forming tissues |
| hematopoiesis | formation and development of blood cells; usually in the bone marrow |
| in vitro | outside the lining of the body |
| whole blood | blood as it comes out of an artery or vein |
| aplastic | having no tendency to develop into a new tissue |
| bleeding time | the time it takes for a small, pin-point wound to stop bleeding |
| crenation | the formation of abnormal notching around the edge of an erythrocyte |
| heinz body | denatured hemoglobin that has fused to the RBC membrane |
| Howell-Jolly Body | small, round, or oval bodies seen in erythrocytes when stains are added to fresh blood and found in various types of anemia after speenectomy or reduced splenic function |
| normocyte | erythrocyte that is normal in size, shape and color |
| macrocytic | larger than normal cells |
| microcytic | smaller than normal cells |
| normochromic | normal color of erythrocytes |
| unopette | method for diluting blood in preparing for counting blood cells |
| polychromasia | variation in the color and staining of RBCs |
| left shift | alteration in the distribution of WBCs in the peripheral blood where there is an increase in the number of immature neutrophils |
| monocytosis | an excess of monocytes in the blood |
| monocytopenia | a deficiency of monocytes in the blood |
| lymphopenia | decrease of the number of lymphocytes in the blood |
| lymphocytosis | excess number of lymphocytes in the blood |
| eosinopenia | abnormal deficiency of eosinophils in the blood |
| eosinophillia | the formation and accumulation of an abnormally large number of eosinophils in the blood |
| basopenia | deficiency of basophils |
| pancytopenia | abnormal depression of all the cellular elements of the blood |
| thrombocytopenia | decrease in the number of platelets in circulating blood |
| thrombocytosis | increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood |
| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a red top tube have? | nothing |
| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a marble/tiger top tube have? | a silicone plug and a clot activator |
| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a lavender top tube have? | EDTA-ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid |
| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a blue top tube have? | sodium citrate |
| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a green top tube have? | lithium heparin |
| What type of anticoagulant/additive does a gray top tube have? | sodium fluoride or potassium oxylate |
| What blood tubes yield serum? | red and tiger top |
| What blood tubes yield plasma? | blue, green, gray, and lavender |
| What are the 2 main goals in veinipunture? | minimize trauma to the vein and reduce stress to the patient |
| What should influence the gauge of the needle used? | patient and vessel size, amount of blood needed, use of the sample, tech preference |
| What influences the size of syringe used? | patient and vessel size, amount of blood needed, use of sample, tech preference |
| What makes up whole blood? | fluid=plasma, and cells=RBCs, WBCs, and platelets |
| Packed Cell Volume (PCV) | the percent of RBCs in whole blood |
| What makes up the buffy coat layer in a PCV? | WBCs and platelets |
| What is included in the complete blood count (CBC)? | 1. PCV 2. Hemoglobin Concentration 3. TP 4. RBC Count 5. WBC Count 6. Differential WBC count |
| clear-straw colored plasma | normal |
| yellow-orange colored plasma | icteric |
| red colored plasma | hemolysis |
| white colored plasma | lipemic |
| What is the normal range for PCV for dogs? | 37-55% |
| What is the normal range for PCV for cats? | 24-45% |
| What is another name for PCV? | hematocrit |
| What are the 3 most common plasma proteins? | albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen |
| Mean corpuscular volume | indicates size or volume of 1 average RBC (fl) |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin | measures the mean weight of hemoglobin on the average RBC (pg) |
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration | measures the average hemoglobin concentration in each RBC (g/dl) |
| thrombocyte count | indicates the ability of the blood to clot |
| reticulocyte count | used to evaluate the bone marrow's response to anemia-regenerative means the bone marrow is responding and there is an increase of reticulocytes |
| erythropoesis | the formation/production of RBCs |
| What is the red blood cell maturation series from youngest to oldest? | rubriblast, prorubricyte, rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte, and mature RBC |
| What premature RBCs are only found in the bone marrow? | rubriblast and prorubricyte |
| What premature RBCs are only found in cases of severe anemia? | rubricyte and metarubricyte |
| What is found in the blood when the body is regenerating or responding to anemia? | reticulocyte |
| What animals is it normal to find a nucleus in the mature RBCs? | birds, reptiles, and amphibians |
| macrocytosis | an increase of larger than normal RBCs, usually immature |
| microcytosis | an increase of smaller than normal RBCs, seen in iron deficiencies |
| normacytic | normal sized mature RBCs |
| normochromic | a mature cell that stains pink in color with an area of central pallor |
| polychromasia | cells that have a blueish tint due to remaining organelles in the cytoplasm |
| hypochromasia | decrease in staining intensity due to decrease in cellular hemoglobin |
| ancanthocyte/spur cells | cells with irregular shaped margins and unevenly distributed surface projections of variable length and diameter coming from the cell wall |
| crenation | cells with spiny projections evenly distributed around the cell membrane |
| echinocyte/burr cells | spiculated cells with numerous, short, evenly spaced, blunt to sharp surface projections of uniform size and shape |
| codocytes | target cells- |
| leptocytes | large, thin RBC that is folded or distorted due to increased membrane and decreased volume (folded/lips) |
| stomatocyte | large, thin cell that warps when passing through small blood vessels (piggy bank cell) |
| spherocyte | smaller, dense and dark staining, lacking central pallor and can no longer maintain disc shape |
| dacryocyte | teardrop in shape |
| elliptocyte | oval in shape |
| keratocyte | cell that often has 2 membrane projections (horns) also known as a helmet cell |
| torocyte | punched out cell |
| schistocytes | fragmented RBCs |
| rouleaux | RBCs appearing as stacks or rows of coins (normal in horses) |
| agglutination | clumping of RBCs |
| anisocytosis | variation in size of RBCs |
| poikilocytosis | a general presence of a variation in cell shape |
| Howell-Jolly Bodies | RBCs that retain small, round nuclear fragments |
| Heinz Bodies | small, refractive round areas of denatured hemoglobin attached to the cell membrane |
| basophillic stippling | small, blue staining granules within the RBC seen in ruminant regenerative anemia or lead poisoning |
| What are the 3 areas of a blood smear? | monolayer, body, and feathered edge |
| When the feathered edge is scanned, what are you looking for? | platelet clumps, abnormal cells, and heartworms |
| What area is best when evaluating RBC abnormalities? | monolayer |
| What area is too thick to evaluate cells? | body |
| primary hemostasis | formation of the platelet plug |
| secondary hemostasis | stabilization of the platelet plug with fibrin |
| tertiary hemostasis | destruction of the clot |
| hemostasis | the ability of the body's systems to maintain the integrity of blood and blood vessels |
| What stages of heartworm develop in the mosquito only? | L1-L3 |
| What are clinical signs of heartworm disease? | fatigue easily, cough, rough appearance, ascites, collapse |
| What are the 3 stages of treatment for heartworm? | 1. adulticide 2. microfilaricidal 3. prophylactic therapy |
| How is hemobartonella felis transmitted? | fleas and ticks |
| What kind of organism is Ehrlichia canis? | rickettsial organism |
| microfilaria? | baby heartworms |
| Where in a blood smear do you look for microfilaria? | feathered edge |
Created by:
abarber09
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