Rabbits, Rodents and Ferrets
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| • Ferrets are | carnivores
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| • Ferrets belong to family | mustelidae
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| • Vaccines ferrets need | Rabies (Imrab-3 killed), Distemper (Merial recombinant)
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| • Ferrets are _____ reactions | vaccine
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| • Ferrets are susceptible to ___, ___, ___ which can be treated similar to cats | fleas (C. felis), ear mites (Otodected cynotis), mange (demodectic and sarcoptic)
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| • Why are multiple unmatched transfusions safe in ferrets | no blood types
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| • Abdominal discomfort and nausea in ferrets are often seen clinically with | bruxism, pawing at the face, and drooling
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| • Ferrets are especially prone to this cause of pyloric obstruction | FB*
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| • Ferret gastritis caused by | helicobacter mustelae
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| • Proliferative bowel disease in ferrets is caused by | lawsonia intracellularis
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| • All causes of gastroenterits in ferrets | affect young ferrets, have similar CS (green diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss), require surgery and biopsy, have different tx
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| o Helicobacter tx | Triple abx (amoxicillin, metronidazole, pepto)
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| o IBD tx | prednisone
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| o Proliferative bowel dz tx | chloramphenicol
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| o Eosinophilic gastroenteritis tx | Prednisone + Ivermectin
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| • Epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets is caused by | coronavirus of Ferret Infectious Peritonitis
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| • ECE in ferrets affects | adults
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| • Cardiopulmonary diseases in ferrets | valvular dz, HW, DCM and HCM
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| • Which cardiomyopathy is more common in ferrets | DCM
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| • Viral diseases of ferrets | influenza, canine distemper, Aleutian mink disease (Parvo)
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| • Ferret neoplasia | Lymphoma, benign MCT, benign sebaceous epitheliomas, Chordomas, GI adenocarcinoma
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| • What cause of hind limb atrophy, fever, and pain in ferrets may be elicited by a delayed post-vx reaction | disseminated idiopathic myofasciitis
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| • What are the major endocrine diseases in ferrets | hyperadernocorticism, insulinomas, ovarian remnants, hyperestroginism
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| • Hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets is NOT | Cushings*
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| • Dx and Tx of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets | Dx: ultrasound of adrenas, Tx: Depo Lupron or surgery*
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| • Severity of hyperestrogenism in ferrets is associated with | severity of anemia
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| • Urogenital diseases of ferrets | urolithiasis, renal failure, hydronephrosis, cystitis, TCC
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| • Most common sx in ferrets | exploratory laparotomy
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| • Complications of adrenal sx in ferrets | life-threatening vena cava bleeding nd recurrence of adrenal disease
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| • Common ferret surgeries | explore, adrenal, prostatic cysts, pancreatic, FB removal, splenectomy, liver biopsy, cystotomy, PU, OHE, neuter, anal gland removal, salivary mucocele removal
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| • In ferret enterotomies, make incision _____ , close _____ | longitudinally, transversely
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| • T/F, pancreatitis is common in ferrets | False
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| • Myomorpha = | rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils
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| • Hystricomorphia = | guinea pigs, chinchillas
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| • Sciurmorpha = | squirrels, prairie dogs
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| • Chromadacryorrhea = | red liquid tears (not blood) do to stress, rats
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| • Chemotherapeutics in rodents require a ___ mg/kg dosage than dogs = | higher
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| • Most important husbandry concern in rodents = | good ventilation
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| • With rodent blood collection, always use ___ = | heparin to prevent clotting*
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| • Very common respiratory disease of rodents treated with doxycycline = | Chronic Mycoplasma (Mycoplasma pulmonis)
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| • Common disease of rodents resulting in pneumonia and sudden death, treated with enro or chloramphenicol = | Pasteurella multocida
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| • A paramyxovirus of young rodents that causes respiratory distress = | Sendai virus
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| • Dental disease of rodents is usually resolved by = | clipping affected teeth
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| • Chronic progressive nephrosis is common in = | rats
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| • Renal amyloidosis is common in = | hamsters
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| • Chronic interstitial nephritis is common in = | gerbils
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| • GI problems in rodents = | antibiotic toxicity, AAE*, salmonella, tyzzer’s disease
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| • What cause tail necrosis in rodents = | low humidity and annular constriction
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| • How do you tx barbering & bite wounds in rodents = | remove dominant animals
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| • What causes pododermatitis in rodents = | rough flooring*
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| • What dermatophytes affect rodents = | Trichophyton* and Microsporum
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| • What external parasites affect rodents = | mites, lice
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| • Rabbits are | lagomorphs
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| • Rabbits have _ upper incisors | 4*
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| • Rabbits secondary incisors are known as | peg teeth
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| • Rabbit teeth exhibit | continuous growth
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| • A concern with rabbit skin | very thin, easy to tear
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| • Rabbits are ____ fermenters and perform ____ | hindgut, coprophagy
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| • Rabbit urine has a ___ pH | high (8-9)
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| • What vessel in the ear can you use for IV injections in rabbits | marginal (small)
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| • The rabbit repro tract is characterized by | bicornuate uterus and 2 cervices
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| • Preferred rabbit diet | high quality grass-hay, limit pellets
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| • What anesthetic drug has no effect in rabbits | atropine
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| • What preventative medication is deadly to rabbits | Fipronil *
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| • How should you never restrain a rabbit and why | scruffing it, may break back
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| • The most important rabbit disease | Pasteurellosis*
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| • Effects of pasteurellosis in rabbits | URI (snuffles), Otitis, pleuropneumonia, bacteremia, abcessess, pyometra
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| • Tx for pasteurellosis in rabbits | supportive, abs (enro, chloramphenicol, TMS)
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| • What may cause torticollis in rabbits | Otitis interna, microsporidiosis, baliscaris, toxoplasmosis, trauma, parasitic cysts)
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| • What causes microsporidiosis in rabbits | Encephalitozoon cuniculi*
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| • What viruses affect rabbits | rabies (rarely), herpes simplex 1, poxvirus (myxomatosis, rabbit fibroma, rabbitpox), papillomavirus, calicvirus
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| • Which rabbit viruses are reportable | myxomatosis, calicivirus
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| • “Trichobezoars” in rabbits may indicate | gastric stasis
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| • Diarrhea is an ____ in rabbits | emergency
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| • Causes of rabbit diarrhea | mucoid enteritis (young, diet related), infectious, abx associated dysbiosis
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| • What abx should you NEVER use in rabbits | clindamycin, lincomycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin*
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| • What UG dz affect rabbits | calculi (calcium carbonate), adenocarcinoma
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| • What parasites affect rabbits | cuterebra, fleas, psoroptes cuniculu (ear mites), cheyletiella parasitovorx (rabbit fur mite), noedres cati
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| • What is rabbit syphilis | treponema paraluiscuniculi, “venereal spirochetosis” (tx: penicillin)
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| • Respiratory distress in rats likely due to | mycoplasma*, cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (CAR), streptococcus pneumonia, corynebacterium
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| • Sialodacryoadenitis virus is | rat mumps, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, swelling
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| • Red d/c from eyes and nose of rats is often | chromodacryorrhea*
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| • Rat neoplasia most important | mammary gland fibroadenomas
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| • Viral disease of young mice that causes respiratory distress | sendai virus*
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| • 2 causes of diarrhea in mice | citrobacter freundii and coronavirus
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| • What UG problem causes self-mutilation in mice | urethral obstruction
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| • Mouse neoplasia (3) | mammary gland adenocarcinomas, hepatic carcinomas, lymphcytic leukemia
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| • Pet hamster species = | Syrian hamster
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| • Cause of pneumonia and acute death in hamsters = | Pasteurella multocida*
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| • Hamster virus that can cause human birth defects = | Lymphocytic choriomeningits (LCM)
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| • GI problems in hamsters = | Lawsonia intracellularis, AAE**
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| • Common kidney problem in hamsters = | amyloidosis*
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| • Cardiac problems in hamsters = | aterial thrombosis, cardiomyopathy
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| • Endocrine problem in hamsters = | Cushings
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| • Hamster neoplasia = | adrenal gland adenomas, LSA and trichoepitheliomas, SCC
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| • Pet gerbil species | Mongolian
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| • Cause of diarrhea in gerbils | Tyzzer’s disease (clostridium piliforme)*
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| • Treatment of Tyzzer’s disease | penicillin and tetracycline
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| • Cause of facial dermatitis in gerbils | Staph, chromodacryorrhea*
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| • Causes of swollen inflamed glands in gerbils | scent gland abscess or carcinoma
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| • T/F gerbils have epileptic-like seizures | TRUE
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| • How do you treat tail slip | amputation
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| • Gerbils get periodontal disease from | rat block diets
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| • Gerbil neoplasia | Ovarian granulosa tumors, SCC, melanoma, LSA
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| • GPs get ____ due to ____ deficiency | Scurvy, Vitamin C*
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| • Respiratory disease due to | bordetella, chlamdydia, allergies
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| • GI disease due to | clostridium, coronavirus, bloat
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| • UG disease | cystitis, uroliths
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| • Diseases associated with pregnancy | eclampsia, ketosis, dystocia
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| • GP mange | Trixacarus cavaie*
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| • What GP neoplasia is caused by a retrovirus | LSA
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| • Chinchillas can suffer from ___, especially in FL | heat stroke*
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| • Pneumonia in chinchillas can be caused by | klebsiella, strep
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| • Dermatophytosis of chinchillas due to | Trichophyton*, Microsporum
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| • Treat trichophyton with | itraconazole, lyme dip
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| • Paraphimosis | post-copulatory accumulation of fur around penis
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| • Most common etiology association with bite wound abscess in Chinchillas | Strep or Staph
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| • What is slobbers | genetic disease, CS: hypersalivation, tx: trim teeth
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| • GI problems of chinchillas | constipation, C. perfinges, protozoal enteritis
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| • 2 neuro issues in chinchillas | Listeria, visceral larval migrans (balisacaris)*
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| • A degu with PU/PD, cataract and weight loss, likely dx | Diabetes
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| • Degu that ADR, obesity, and diabetes may also have | hepatic lipidosis
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| • Wire cages and Staph aureas may cause ___ in degus | pododermatitis*
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| • Degu neoplasia | hepatocellular carcinomas, bronchioalveolar carcinomas
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| • Husbandy problems of prairie dogs | obesity, heart disease, pododermatitis, incisor malocclusion
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| • Diseases of prairie dogs | alopecia, plague (Yersinia pestis)*, odontomas, DCM*
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| • Biggest concern when making laparotomy incision | don’t hit cecum*
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| • Why are ovaries hard to find | lots of fat
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| • Rabbit anatomical differences in repro tract | long infundibulum, complex vasculature
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| • Where should you clamp the uterus | 1. Each uterus separately (leave cervices), 2. Right below cervices (may have urinary back up), 3. Far below cervices (risk of ligating ureters)
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| • Biggest issue with castrations | separating peritoneum (directly over testicle) from skin
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| • Pyometra in rabbits often due to | pasteurella
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| • Pododermatitis needs | bandaging
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| • Tibial fractures can be treated | surgically (ortho) or by amputation
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| • Rat flea/rodent cycle disease that caused black death | plague (Yersinia pestis)*
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| • 3 types of typhus | Epidemic (Rickettsia prowazakii), Scrub (Orienta), Murine (Rickettsia typhi)
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| • Hemorrhagic diseases | S. American hemorrhagic fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever, Hantavirus (Bunyavirus)
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| • Rodents serve as amplifiers in these disease | RMSF, lyme, hepatits E (calici), arenaviruses (hemorrhagic dz)
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| • Food/water borne diseases | salmonella, yersinoisis, crpto, giardia
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| • Most zoonotic diseases are a concern with ___ rodents | PEST or WILD
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| • Baliscaris is NOT zoonotic, T/F | TRUE
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| • Rodent urine may cause this dz that causes renal failure | Lepto
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| • Rabbit disease causing liver/renal failure | Tularemia
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| • ___ may cause birth defects in humans | LCM*
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| • Rodent and ferret bites could cause | Rabies
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| • E. caniculi can cause ___ | pneumonia
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| • What derm conditions are zoonotic | dermatophytosis, mites, bite/scratch wounds (pasteurella)
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| • What disease affects lab vets | allergies
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| • 2 pox viruses that are zoonotic | monkeypox and cowpox
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| • What disease are ferrets commonly used for human studies (therefore it’s zoonotic | Influenza*
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| • Sugar gliders are not ____, do not ____ | rodents, trim their teeth*
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| • Husbandry problems of sugar gliders | metabolic bone dz, obesity, trauma, alopecia, self-mutilation
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| • Diseases of sugar gliders | salmonella, lymphoma, avian tuberculosis?
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| • What hedgehogs do we keep as pets | African
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| • What is important to know about male porcupines | they have a tubular penis (don’t confuse with testicle)
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| • Hedgehogs are | insectivores
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| • What strange behavior do hedgehogs exhibit | “anting”
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| • Common hedgehog husbandry problems | Met. Bone dz, trauma, obesity, overgrown nails
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| • What time of mange affects hedgehogs | caparina (chorioptic)
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| • What demyelinating paralysis affects hedgehogs | wobbly hedgehog syndrome
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| • Most common cause of epiphora in rabbits | Upper 2ndary premolar root problem
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| • What preferred analgesics are used in rabbits | Buprenorphine* and tramadol
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| • What is the most common cause of oral trauma in rabbits | dental spurs
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| • Incisor malocclusion in rabbits is caused by | inherited mandibular prognathism, fracture, secondary to cheek teeth overgrowth
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| • What is used as elevators in dental extractions of rabbits | 18g needle
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| • Molar malocclusion in rabbits is caused by | low fiber diet, molar overgrowth, periodontal infection, malnutrition, geriatric
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| • What actual etiologies are responsible for dental dz in rabbits | anaerobes, strep
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| • Antibiotics are not effective without ___ in treating ____ | surgery, oral abscesses
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| • What are the big differences btw rabbits and rodent teeth | rabbits have peg teeth, rodents have more angled teeth and a narrower dental arcade
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| • What species get caries other than primates | chinchillas
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| • What dental issues do chinchillas, GPs, and degus have | quidding, ptyalism, slobbers
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| • Prairie dogs suffer from | elodontomas*
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| • Mice/rats/etc only have continuously growing ___ | incisors
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| • Mice/rats have ____ common dental disease than rabbits | less
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| • Hedgehogs and Sugar gliders are not ____ so don’t have ___ teeth | rodents, elodont*
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