Pathology Lecture 3-4
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| What are the main functions of the liver? ** | show 🗑
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| The yellow tinting of organs and viscera is known as: ** | show 🗑
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| What are the four causes of hyperbilirubinemia? ** | show 🗑
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| show | Centrilobular
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| show | Elastin rich tissues such as the aorta and sclera
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| show | Intravascular hemolysis
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| show | Extravascular hemolysis
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| show | severe acute or chronic loss of hepatocytes results in decreased bilirubin uptake by hepatocytes
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| show | Bile flow out of the liver is obstructed either intrahepatically or extrahepatically
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| What disease process do you think of with a grossly small liver, lobular atrophy, reduplication of arterioles and absence or atrophy of portal veins and hepatic encephalopathy? ** | show 🗑
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| Differentiate intra and extra hepatic portosystemic shunts: | show 🗑
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| What does hypertension due to resistance of portal blood flow commonly cause? ** | show 🗑
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| show | Right-sided heart failure
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| What may cause occlusion of the pulmonary artery and right heart leadin gto an engorged liver and severe passive congestion? | show 🗑
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| show | Arterioportal shunts (anstomoses)
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| show | Hepatic Veno-occlusive Disease
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| show | Telangiectasis
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| Why is insult due to infarction rare in the liver? ** | show 🗑
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| show | Portal Vein, 30% - Hepatic Artery
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| What 3 conditions could lead to loss of blood supply in the liver? ** | show 🗑
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| What is due to acquired metabolic disturbances that cause accumulation of lipid or glycogen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes? | show 🗑
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| _____________ occurs when triglyceride accumulation within hepatocytes exceeds the rate of metabolic degradation or the release as lipoproteins. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Excessive dietary fat
2. Abnormal hepatocyte fxn
3. Excess CHO intake
4. Increased esterification of fatty acids --> triglycerides
5. Dec. apoprotein synth.
6. Imp. secretion of lipoprotein
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| show | Feline fatty liver syndrome
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| show | increased, decreased
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| show | Glycogen
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| How do glucocorticoids induce hepatocellular degeneration? ** | show 🗑
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| show | Gross: enlarged and pale
Micro: hepatocytes in midzonal area will be swollen up to 10x normal size and contain vacuoles that are PAS positive
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| What are the 3 types of amyloidosis that affect the liver? | show 🗑
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| show | Gross: pale fragile liver, rupture and exsanguination may occur
Micro: protein is birefringent with characteristic apple green appearance in congo red stain
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| show | Bedlington terrier and West highland white terriers
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| When is copper accumulation more commonly observed and what breeds does this commonly occur in? | show 🗑
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| Increased storage of iron within hepatocytes and kupffer cells associated with hepatic disfunction | show 🗑
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| Systemic disease characterized by abundant intracytoplasmic hemosiderin in variety of tissues and hepatocytes | show 🗑
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| show | Hemosiderosis
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| show | 1. Loss of normal hepatic architecture
2. Fibrosis
3. Biliary duct hyperplasia
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| show | 1. vascular anastomoses btw portal v. and systemic vasculature
2. venous shunts btw central v. and portal v.
3. arteriovenous shunts btw hepatic a and central v.
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| Diffuse massive liver damage is often characteristic of: ** | show 🗑
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| show | toxins
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| show | Corticosteroids or other toxins
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| show | hypoxia, congestion, toxins (CCl4)
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| Random, multifocal hepatic damage is often due to: ** | show 🗑
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| show | Water, bile acids, cholesterol, inorganic ions, and other constituents
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| Bile provides: | show 🗑
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| Bile acids reabsorbed from the intestine and re-secreted into the bile is known as: | show 🗑
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| Inflammation of the gall bladder: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. gallbladder mucoceles
2. choleliths
3. biliary tract neoplasia
4. pancreatic inflammation
5. immunosupression from DM or hyperadrenocorticism
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| show | Adenovirus Type 1 (uncommon)
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| What does cystic mucinous hyperplasia of the gallbladder look like? ** | show 🗑
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| show | Adult cats and Cairn terriers
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| show | Hepatitis
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| What infectious cause of hepatitis may be accompanies by tonsil and LN enlargement and corneal edema termed "blue eye" ** | show 🗑
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| show | diffuse petechiaal and ecchymotic hemorrhage, accumulation of clear fluid in peritoneal cavity, fibrin strands on liver surface, enlarged friable liver w/ small foci of hepatocellular necrosis on central lobular areas
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| show | Herpesvirus
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| Multifocal small pale nodules and pyogranulomatous vasculitis can be characteristic of: | show 🗑
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| Tyzzer's disease = | show 🗑
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| Who does tyzzer's dz affect and what does it look like? | show 🗑
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| What other infectious disease causes centriloublar ischemic injury due to intravascular hemolytic anemia | show 🗑
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| What zoonotic bacterium may cause multifocal necrosis and microabcesses that are visible grossly? | show 🗑
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| What systemic dz causes multifocal necrotizing hepatitis in combination w/ viral dz | show 🗑
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| show | Female dobermans, male cocker spaniels
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| show | Chronic Hepatitis of Dogs
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| Predominate finding is macrophages, etiologies include bacteria, fungi, and parasites | show 🗑
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| show | Acute or chronic cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis of cats
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| show | Lymphocytic cholangitis of cats
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| show | CS: may ppear healthy, lymphoneia, increased liver enzymes and bilea cids
Tx: corticosteroids
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| show | ingested toxins absorbed in GI tract, then transported directly to liver via portal vein.
Secondly, processes in liver for elimination
Lipophilic exogenous chemicals cross cell membranes of skin, lungs, or digestive tract
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| show | periacinar
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| Ex of intrinsic toxins | show 🗑
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| Idiosyncratic toxins may involve ______ mechanisms | show 🗑
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| Ex of idiosyncratic toxins | show 🗑
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| show | Zonal or Panlobular --- cause: acetaminophen, halthane
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| show | Diffuse or multifocal (phenytoin, sulfonamide, isoniazid)
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| show | Blue-green algae: microcystis, aphanizomenon
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| show | Sago Palm, Aflatoxin, Mushrooms (Amanita phalloides)
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| show | Hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hepatic hemangiosarcoma, biliary carcinoma
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| What are the 3 primary hepatic tumors of cats in order of prevalence | show 🗑
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