Pathology Lecture 3-4
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show | CHO metabolism, production of albumin, fibrinogen, and coag factors, metabolism of drugs and toxins, and congjugation of bile
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The yellow tinting of organs and viscera is known as: ** | show 🗑
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What are the four causes of hyperbilirubinemia? ** | show 🗑
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show | Centrilobular
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In what tissues is jaundice most evident? | show 🗑
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show | Intravascular hemolysis
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show | Extravascular hemolysis
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show | severe acute or chronic loss of hepatocytes results in decreased bilirubin uptake by hepatocytes
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show | Bile flow out of the liver is obstructed either intrahepatically or extrahepatically
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show | Congenital Portosystemic Shunts
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Differentiate intra and extra hepatic portosystemic shunts: | show 🗑
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show | acquired portosystemic shunts --- creats collateral vascular channels
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What disease process often causes passive congestion characterized by enlarged liver with an enhanced lobular or reticular pattern commonly called "nutmeg liver" ** | show 🗑
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What may cause occlusion of the pulmonary artery and right heart leadin gto an engorged liver and severe passive congestion? | show 🗑
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What is caused by a direct communication btw the hepatic artery and branches of the portal vein? | show 🗑
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What is caused by a thickening of the central vein by fibrous connective tissues leading to passive hepatic congestion and heaptic failure. May be linked to pyrrolizide alkaloid or aflatoxin injury. Common in cheetahs. | show 🗑
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What is caused by dilation of sinusoids in areas where hepatocytes have been lost. May appear as multiple dark blue/red foci on the capsular surface. | show 🗑
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Why is insult due to infarction rare in the liver? ** | show 🗑
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Which vessel is responsible for 70% of the liver's blood supply? ** | show 🗑
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What 3 conditions could lead to loss of blood supply in the liver? ** | show 🗑
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show | Hepatocellular degeneration
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_____________ occurs when triglyceride accumulation within hepatocytes exceeds the rate of metabolic degradation or the release as lipoproteins. | show 🗑
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What 6 mechanisms may contribute to hepatic lipidosis? | show 🗑
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show | Feline fatty liver syndrome
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Endocrine related hepatic lipidosis is the result of ____ fat mobilization and ____ utilization of lipids by injured hepatocytes | show 🗑
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show | Glycogen
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show | excessive amounts cause swelling of hepatocytes due to accumulation of glycogen
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show | Gross: enlarged and pale
Micro: hepatocytes in midzonal area will be swollen up to 10x normal size and contain vacuoles that are PAS positive
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What are the 3 types of amyloidosis that affect the liver? | show 🗑
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show | Gross: pale fragile liver, rupture and exsanguination may occur
Micro: protein is birefringent with characteristic apple green appearance in congo red stain
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What breeds are highly susceptible to hereditary copper toxicosis? ** | show 🗑
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When is copper accumulation more commonly observed and what breeds does this commonly occur in? | show 🗑
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show | Hemochromatosis
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Systemic disease characterized by abundant intracytoplasmic hemosiderin in variety of tissues and hepatocytes | show 🗑
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show | Hemosiderosis
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show | 1. Loss of normal hepatic architecture
2. Fibrosis
3. Biliary duct hyperplasia
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Portal hypertension may lead to: ** | show 🗑
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show | Tyzzer's disease in horses or Blue-Green Algae hepatotoxicity
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show | toxins
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show | Corticosteroids or other toxins
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Centrilobular hepatic damage is often due to: ** | show 🗑
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show | hematogenous spread
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Besides bilirubin what else does bile contain? | show 🗑
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show | 1. bile acids for digestion of dietary fats and fat sol. vitamins
2. excretory route for metabolites and drugs
3. buffers to neutralize acid pH of ingesta
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show | enterohepatic circulation of bile acids
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show | Cholecystitis
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show | 1. gallbladder mucoceles
2. choleliths
3. biliary tract neoplasia
4. pancreatic inflammation
5. immunosupression from DM or hyperadrenocorticism
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What is a viral cause of cholecystitis in dogs? ** | show 🗑
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What does cystic mucinous hyperplasia of the gallbladder look like? ** | show 🗑
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show | Adult cats and Cairn terriers
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Inflammation of the liver parenchyma: | show 🗑
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What infectious cause of hepatitis may be accompanies by tonsil and LN enlargement and corneal edema termed "blue eye" ** | show 🗑
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What does infection hepatitis due to adenovirus look like? ** | show 🗑
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This virus produces multifocal necrosis in neonatal pups but foci of necrosis are more consistently present in the kidneys, lungs, and spleen. | show 🗑
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show | FIP --- nodules follow vessels
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Tyzzer's disease = | show 🗑
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Who does tyzzer's dz affect and what does it look like? | show 🗑
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What other infectious disease causes centriloublar ischemic injury due to intravascular hemolytic anemia | show 🗑
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show | Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
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show | Toxoplasmosis, often w/ FIP, FeLV, or FIV
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What breeds are predisposed to chronic hepatitis? | show 🗑
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Disease with ALT approaching 18x the upper limit, slow and insidious with CS appearing late in disease progression | show 🗑
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show | Granulomatous hepatitis
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Observed in middle-old aged cats, usually secondary to ascending biliary infection Gross: jaundice Micro: neuts and lymphocytes and plasma cells in bile duct | show 🗑
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Inflammation of liver with jaundice and hepatomegaly, characterized by lymphocytes, Often discovered in young cats who may not appear ill. | show 🗑
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show | CS: may ppear healthy, lymphoneia, increased liver enzymes and bilea cids
Tx: corticosteroids
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show | ingested toxins absorbed in GI tract, then transported directly to liver via portal vein.
Secondly, processes in liver for elimination
Lipophilic exogenous chemicals cross cell membranes of skin, lungs, or digestive tract
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Intrinsic toxins affect ______ hepatocytes | show 🗑
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Ex of intrinsic toxins | show 🗑
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show | immune mediated
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Ex of idiosyncratic toxins | show 🗑
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show | Zonal or Panlobular --- cause: acetaminophen, halthane
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show | Diffuse or multifocal (phenytoin, sulfonamide, isoniazid)
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show | Blue-green algae: microcystis, aphanizomenon
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Name 3 additional liver toxins: | show 🗑
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What are the 4 primary hepatic tumors in dogs in order of prevalence | show 🗑
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What are the 3 primary hepatic tumors of cats in order of prevalence | show 🗑
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