vet 1250
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| What are the four main parts of the digestive system? | gut, digestive tract, alimentary canal, GI tract
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| What are the six main parts of the GI tract? | Mouth, esophagus, stomach/rumen, small intestine, large intestine, anus
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| What are the five accessory structures of the digestive system? | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
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| What are the five functions of the digestive tract? | 1. Prehension 2. Mastication 3. Chemical digestion 4. Absorption 5. Elimination
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| plant eating animals are | herbivores
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| meat eating animals are | carnivores
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| animals that eat meat and plant material are | omnivores
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| these animals have simple single stomachs | monogastric
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| these animals have multiple mixing and fermentation compartments in addition to the stomach | ruminants
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| the digestive tract is made up of how many layers | 4
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| the lining of the Gi tract that is made up of epithelium and loose connective tissue | mucosa layer
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| dense connective tissue that lines the digestive tract and may contain glands | submucosa layer
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| the layer of the digestive tract that is located outside the submucosa | muscle layer
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| the outermost layer of the digestive tract that is thin tough connective tissue | serosa layer
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| sheets of connective tissue that contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves that supply the GI tract | Messentery
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| this tissue lines the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anus | stratified squamous epithelium
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| This tissue runs from the junction of the esophagus and stomach through the intestines to junction of rectum and anus | simple columnar epithelium
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| this has voluntary control of the mouth, pharynx, the cranial part of the esophagus, and the external anal sphincter, also allows chewing and swallowing | skeletal muscle
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| This tissue covers the wall of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and internal sphincter; primarily arranged in circular and longitudinal layers | smooth muscle
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| circular muscle contractions with wavelike movement along the tract that propel digestive tract contents along the tube ahead | peristalsis
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| periodic circular muscle contractions that occur in different adjacent sites that mix contents and allow movement through the tract | segmental contractions
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| Four main parts of the mouth/oral cavity | Lips, roof(hard and soft palate) teeth, tongue
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| this gland produces saliva, comes in 3 pairs with ducts that carry the saliva to the oral cavity | salivary glands
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| the salivary gland that is ventral to the ear canals | parotid
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| the salivary gland ventral to the parotid glands at the caudal angle of the mandible | mandibular
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| salivary gland medial to the shafts of the mandible located just under the base of the tongue | sublingual
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| physically breaking down food into smaller pieces | mastication
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| these teeth are contained in the maxilla and the incisive bone | upper arcade
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| these teeth are contained in the mandible | lower arcade
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| inner surface of the lower arcade of teeth | lingual
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| inner surface of the upper arcade | palatal
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| outer surface of the upper and lower arcade at the front of the mouth | labial
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| outer surface of the teeth more caudal in the mouth | buccal
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| covers the crown of the tooth, hardest toughest tissue in the body | enamel
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| surrounds and protects the tooth pulp | dentin
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| center of the tooth where blood and nerve supply enter at the apex of the tooth root | pulp
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| epithelial tissue that composes the gums around the teeth | gingiva
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| hard connective tissue, covers the root, helps fasten the tooth securely in its body socket | cementum
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| grasping teeth that are most rostral of the upper and lower arcade | incisors
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| tearing teeth, located at the corners of the incisors, longer than the other teeth with pointed tips | canines
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| cutting teeth, rostral cheek teeth, sharp points and surfaces in carnivores | premolars
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| grinding teeth, caudal cheek teeth, larger, flatter occlusal surfaces | molars
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| canine adult dental formula | I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3
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| feline adult dental formula | I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1
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| Bovine adult dental formula | I 0/3 C 0/1 P 3/3 M 3/3
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| Equine adult dental formula | I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3-4/3 M 3/3
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| Porcine adult dental formula | I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 3/3
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| breaks down food into smaller particle that increase the surface area available for enzymatic exposure | mastication(mechanical digestion)
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| saliva added to food as it is chewed, moistens, softens, and shapes into a form that is readily swallowed | chemical digestion
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| when the stomach is empty the ph is | 1
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| enzyme in saliva of omnivores that breaks down amylose(sugar component of startch) | Amylase
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| enzyme that digests lipids, may be found in the saliva of some young animals while they are nursing | Lipase
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| found in saliva of cattle, neutralize acids normally formed in the rumen | sodium bicarbonate and phosphate buffers
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| controls most of the glands in the digestive system | autonomic nervous system
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| stimulates increase in salivation | parasympathetic nervous system
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| stimulation decreases salivation, fear or PNS inhibitors like atropine produce dry mouth | sympathetic nervous system
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| transports material from pharynx to stomach | esophagus
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| enters the stomach at an angle in the cardia region | esophagus
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| surrounded by the cardiac sphincter muscle | esophagus
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| five main areas of the monogastric stomach | cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloris
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| three major parts of the monogastric stomach | Cardia, fundus, body
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| opening from the esophagus | cardia
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| distensible blind pound that expands more as food is swallowed, contains many glands | fundus
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| distensible middle section, contains many glands | body
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| these glands contain parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells | gastric glands
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| parietal cells produce | hydrochloric acid
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| chief cells produce | the enzyme pepsin
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| mucous cells product | protective mucous
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| grinds up and swallowed food, regulates hydrochloric acid | pyloric antrum
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| glands in the pyloric antrum contain G cells that secrete | gastrin
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| the muscular sphincter that regulates movement of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum, prevents back flow of duodenal contens into the stomach | pylorus
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| this must combine with vitamin b12 in order for this vitamin to be absorbed into the small intestine | intrinsic factor
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| pepsinogen is secreted by chief cells and is a precursor for the enzyme | pepsin
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| breaks proteins into chains of amino acids | pepsin
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| secreted from the glands in submucosa | intrinsic factor
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| gastin, histamine, and acetylcholine are secreted by parietal cells in order to regulate | H+ and Cl-
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| complex of substances that provide a protective coating for the stomach that is secreted continually | mucus
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| produced by goblet cells in gastric glands | mucins
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| ions that alkalinizes the mucosa | bicarbonate
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| inhibit gastrin release, stimulate bicarbonate production, enhance blood flow to the stomach, stabilize lysosomes with gastric cells, regulate the activity of macrophages and mast cells | Prostaglandins(PG's)
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| this tissue is located in the stomach wall responds to hormones, peptides, and nervous system control | smooth muscle
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| stimulation causes fundus to relax and increase contraction in antrum | PNS
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| stimulation can cause a decrease in motility - gastric atony | SNS
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| _____ and ____ relax with swallowing of food | fundus and body
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| _____ contracts the stomach to help mix food | body
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| increase production of HCl, inhibits muscle activity of the fundus | gastrin
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| distention of the intestines of increase activity in the duodenum, inhibits stomach contraction, delays gastric emptying | enterogastic reflex
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| release from duodenum in response to excess stomach acid in small intestine, can cause fundus to relax, can inhibit peristalsis of the body and antrum | secretin
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| released in response to large amounts of fats or proteins in the duodenum, decreases contrations of the antrum, body, and fundus | cholecystokinin(CCK)
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| one true stomach, three forestomachs, swallow food > regurgitate it to chew some more then swallow again | Ruminants( rumination)
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| ruminant stomach order of digestion | reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum
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| traps heavy non food items, does some digestion and absorption | reticulum
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| fermentation vat | rumen
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| mechanical digestion of food | omasum
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| enzymatic digestion of food, true stomach | abomasum
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| smallest most cranial stomach, honeycomb surface | reticulum
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| large fermentative vat, papillae surface | rumen
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| membranous leaves appearance | omasum
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| glandular appearance | abomasum
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| this separates the reticulum and rumen | ruminoreticular fold
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| the rate and strength of contraction of the rumen is determined by the | rumen ph
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| rumen bacteria use their surface cellulase enzyme to turn cellulose into | simple carbohydrates/sugars
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| rumen bacteria use their proteases to breakdown | protein
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| carbohydrates and peptides absorbed by microbes and converted to | volatile fatty acids(VFA's)
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| VFA's are converted into | glucose, adipose tissue, milk fat and other components
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| first short segment of the small intestine that leaves the stomach | duodenum
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| longest portion of the small intestine | jejunum
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| portion of the small intestine that is separated by the ileocecal sphincter that regulates movement from the small intestine into the colon of cecum | Ileum
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| the illeocecal spincter is close to this organ | appendix
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| many fold of villi that contain thousands of microvilli | mucosa
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| digestive enzymes and carrier molecules embedded in cell membrane | microvilli
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| produce mucus and help protect the intestinal mucosa | goblet cells
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| independent of the parasympathetic nervous system these hormones may stimulate intestinal motility | Cholecystokinin and prostaglandins
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| on the basis of the gut ________ must be broken down into _______ b4 cells can break them down | polymers; monomers
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| three major components of the large intestine | cecum, colon, rectum
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| recover fluid and electrolytes, store feces | primary functions of large intestine
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| have a poorly developed cecum with a simple tubular colon | carnivores
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| very large colon and cecum also havve a hind gut | herbivores
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| fermentation site | hindgut
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| these animals have hindgut digestion | equine, quinea pigs, rats, and rabbits
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| terminal portion of large intestine, nervous system control of motility, numerous mucus-secreting glands, sensory receptors detect stretching a stimulate defecation response | rectum
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| internal and external muscular sphincters, stretch receptors cause relaxation and mucosal receptors increase the need for defecation | anus
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| under autonomic control | internal sphincter
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| under voluntary control | external sphincter
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| produces bile, metabolizes drugs/toxins, produces proteins for clotting factors(albumin) stores glucose as glycogen, metabolizes fat into energy, stores vitamins | liver
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| liver secretions are secreted into bile ducts > hepatic duct then stored in the | gallbladder
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| removes toxins and infections agents that enter the body through the GI tract | liver
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| stores or metabolizes nutrients absorbed from the GI tract | Liver
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| located by the duodenum, considered exocrine and endocrine gland | pancreas
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| produces proteases trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase | pancreas (exocrine function)
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| secretes bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize and maintain the ph for proper enzyme function | pancreas
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| produces insulin and glucagon to help regulate blood glucose levels | pancreas (endocrine function)
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| causes glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the blood stream to be absorbed and used for energy | beta cells(insulin)
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| increases glucose levels, stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose(gluconeogenesis | Alpha cells(glucagon)
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| inhibits the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and GH also diminishes the activity of the GI tract | delta cells(somatostatin)
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| starch is converted into disaccharides in the lumen of the duodenum by the pancreatic enzyme | amalyase
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| gastic pepsin breaks apart some protein chains into smaller _____ | polypeptides
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| the bile acid lipid component absorbed through microvilli | Micelles
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| two types of muscle make up the wall of the digestive tube: | skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
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| two types of epithelium line the digestive tube: | stratified squamous epithelium and simple colmnar epithelium
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| contraction of the ________ muscles of the digestive tract narrows that segment of the tube | circular
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| contration of the ___________ muscle fibers shortens the segment of the tube | longitudinal
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| breaks in the underlying mucosa (the epithelium) are called | erosions
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| deep erosions of the stomach are called | gastric ulcers
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| inflammation of the stomach is called | gastritis
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| the _____ is the immediately surrounding the opening from the esophagus to the stomach | cardia
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| when more acetycholine from the PNS is release at the G cells, gastrin is released from the G cells of the pyloric antrum causing: | relaxation of the fundus and simultaneous production of increased amounts of hydrochloric acid
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| these medications can cause a decreased mucous layer with increased acidity, potentially causing gastritis | NSAID
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| enzymes produced by the digestive glands in monogastric animlas cannot digest the _____ and_____ that make up the cell wall of plants | cellulose; pectin
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| the process by with fat globules must be broken down into smaller pieces | emulsification and micelle formation
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| the beta cells in the pancreas are also known as | pancreatic islets; islets of langerhans
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| the process of glycogen being broken down by the liver | glycogenolysis
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