Pharm Final
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| What is an antagonist? | drug that brings out specific action by binding with appropriate receptor
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| What is an antagonist? | drug that inhibits specific action by binding with particular receptor
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| What is extralabel use? | use of drug that is not USDA approved
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| What is withdrawal time? | length of time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from animal tissue
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| what are the 4 sources of drugs? | plants, minerals, hormones, bacteria/mold
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| 3 methods of selecting an appropriate drug for a patient? | dx, symptomatic, empirical
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| 4 parts of a regimen | route of admin, dosage, frequency, duration
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| 7 responsibilities of a vt with a regimen | ask ? if orders unclear, observe pt after drug admin, correct route, correct time/freq, correct drug, check labels, check medical record, explain procedure to client and take home instructions
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| what is a steady state? | point at which drug accumulation is equal to drug elimination
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| 3 meds that can be inhaled | bronchodilators, antibiotics, anesthesics
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| passive absorption drugs move from * to * | high, low
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| active transport drugs move from * to * | low, high
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| 2 factors that increase absorption | where given, hydration status of pt
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| drug has high lipid content, will or will not pass through cell wall? | will
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| organ that metabolizes | liver
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| organ that excretes most waste | kidney
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| five parts of syringe | needle, hub, barrel, plunger, dead area
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| insulin syringe measurement | units
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| define microencapsulation | drug form that stabilizes substances commonly considered unstable
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| 5 rights of a technician | right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time/rate of admin
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| Can cause nerve damage if given incorrectly | IM
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| testing for tuberculosis | ID
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| very rapid onset, shortest duration | IV
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| onset and duration can be variable | IP
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| injection into joint for local inflammation | IA
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| no hyperosmotic solutions given this way | SQ
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| for CPR or euthanasia | IC
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| what is the master gland of the endocrine system? | pituitary gland
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| what is negative feedback? | high level of hormones and tells body to stop releasing said hormones
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| what is entropion and ectropion? | when eyelids are inverted, requires sx
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| why do eyedrops have to be applied multiple times a day? | tears wash away
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| yeast and bacteria like to grow in what kind of environment? | warm, moist
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| what is the largest organ of the body? | skin
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| what is pruritis? | itchy skin
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| 3 layers of skin from deepest to superficial | hypodermis, dermis, epidermis
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| maintenance fluid formula | 30ml/lb
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| what is the piece of equipment called to check the pressures in the eye? | tonopen
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| what disease does that piece of equip. test for? | glaucoma
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| when doing a tear test, what dz are you check for? | KCS
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| how long do you have to leave strips in the eye? | 60 seconds
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| Fluorescein stain is * on strip and looks * in eye | orange, green
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| Fluorescein stain test for what? | ulcerations on eye
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| 3 functions of resp. tract | voice production, body temp regulation, acid-base balance, oxygen and CO2 exchange
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| what are the receptors called where pain arises? | nociceptors
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| superficial pain is located in the * tissue | epidermis
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| deep oain is located in the * tissue | bone, muscle
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| visceral pain is located * | internally (intestinally)
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| define analgesic | pain reliever, anesthetic
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| 2 signs of inflammation | redness, swollen
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| what are two jobs of a fever? | fight off infection, keep body warm during sickness
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| what does NSAID stand for? | nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
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| what do turbinates do? | humidify and warm air
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| which are larger, bronchi or bronchioles? | bronchi
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| what is the job of the alveoli | oxygen and CO2 exchange
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| what the mucus and cilia work together, what is their purpose? | remove debris
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| what are antitussives | meds to control cough
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| what is teh basic functional unit of the kidney? | nephron
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| if kidney is damaged, how does it affect erythropoiesis? | it cannot excrete erythropoietin to stimulate bone marrow into making more RBC's
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| what type of anemia results from inability to make erythropoietin? | non-regenerative
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| how does uremia effect tissues of the body? | makes them more sensitive to drugs
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| if a pt has kidney issues, what type of diet should they be fed? | low sodium
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| three different inactive ingredients and what they do | thickness - increase viscocity, emulsifiers - allow ingredients to mix and not seperate, sweeteners - enhance taste
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| vet-client-patient relationship | relationship established during visits to clinic allowing trust w/ instructions of car and medication
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| over the counter | drugs that do not need rx to be obtained
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| extralabel use | use for drug that has not been approved by FDA
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| controlled substance | substance that has high risk for addiction
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| oral medication has a * onset, but is * acting | slow, longer
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| parenteral means | injectable
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| parenteral medications have * onset, but are * acting | quick, shorter
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| 4 storage sites for drugs | bone, fat, liver, kidney
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| what is therapeutic index? | relationship to achieve desired effect and toxic level
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| name chosen by manufacturing comany: short | Trade
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| name that descries molecular structure | chemical
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| common name chosen by company | generic
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| same as compendial or generic | official
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| name given by research/development | code/lab
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| name listed in US Pharmocopoeia Book | compendial
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| 4 things mandatory on drug label: | manufacturers name and address, statas USDA controlled substance, instructions, adverse effects
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| what is multidose syringe used for? | immunizations on cattle farm
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| transmits infor from place to place | Neuron
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| transmits info away from the cell | axon
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| transmits info to the cell | dendrite
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| binds to a receptor | neurotransmitter
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| gap/junction between nerve cells | synapse
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| coats the fibers to transmit info faster | myelin
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| 2 parts of the CNS | brain, spinal cord
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| what parts of the body does the PNS deal with? | muscles, glands, tissues
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| somatic nervous system is * control, while the autonomic nervous system is * control of the body | voluntary, involuntary
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| two parts of autonomic nervous system | sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| carries sensory and motor impulses between spinal cord and brain | medulla
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| learning, memory, interpretation of sensory input | cerebrum
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| relay center for sensory impulses | thalamus
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| mediator between nervous system and endocrin system via pituitary gland | hypothalamus
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| stimulation of sympathetic nervous system causes heart rate, respiratory rate and glucose levels to * | increase
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| stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes heart rate, resp rate and glucose levels to * | decrease
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| drugs effect is equal to number of * and drugs * for the receptor | receptors, specificity
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| constriction of arterioles, dilation of pupils | Alpha 1
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| constriction of skeletal muscles | Alpha 2
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| increased heart rate, conduction and contracility | Beta 1
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| dilation of skeletal blood vessels | Beta 2
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| dilation of coronary and mesenteric blood vessels | Dopaminergic
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| what chemical are the alveoli covered in? | surfactant
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| what is the job of alveoli? | oxygen & CO2 exchange
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| what is the job of alveoli? | oxygen & CO2 exchange
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| Inspiration is active, expiration is passive. True or false? | True
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| 3 goals of tx resp dz | control secretions, control reflexes, keep air flowing to alveoli
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| aerolization of drugs is also known as: | Nebulization
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| define nephrology | study of kidneys
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| define nephron | basic functioning unit of the kidney
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| define retroperitoneal | lower dorsal or caudal dorsal
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| causes of renal damage | heredity, cancer, injury
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| pumps blood into the heart | Vena Cava
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| first chamer the blood reaches | Right Atrium
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| another name for the mitral valve | left atrioventricular valve
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| another name for the tricuspid valve | right atrioventricular valve
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| second chamber that the blood goes in | Right ventricle
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| takes blood to the third chamber | Pulmonary vein
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| third chamber the blood goes in | left atrium
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| last chamber the blood reaches | left ventricle
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| takes blood into the lungs to be oxygenated | pulmonary artery
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| takes oxygenated blood out of the heart and into the body | aorta
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| first part of the small intestine | duodenum
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| second part of the small intestine | jejunum
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| third part of the small intestine | ileum
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| starts the digestive process | salivary glands
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| holds food | stomach
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| tube the food travels down | esophagus
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| in birds | crop
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| forestomach | Rumen
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| true stomach of the cow | abomasum
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| extras that some animals have in their GI tracts | outpocketings
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| define indirect acting hormones | cause target organ to produce a second hormone, which in turn influences a second target organ or tissue
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| define negative feedback | high levels of hormones that let the body know to decrease hormone release
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| 4 stages of estrus | proestrus, estrus, diestrus, anestrus
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| positive electrolytes are called cations, and negative electrolytes are called anions. True or false? | True
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| particles that generate pressure | effective osmoles
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| solutes that move from high to low concentration | diffusion
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| the ability of a particle to attract water | osmotic pressure
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| particles incapable of generating pressure | ineffective osmoles
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| solutes that cannot move, so they attract water | osmosis
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| 2 examples of physical exam findings of a dehydrated patient | tacky mm, delayed CRT
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| Internal pts of eye | anterior chamber, iris, lens
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| External pts of eye | eyelids, cornea, sclera, nictating membrane
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| 4 stages of wound healing | inflammation, debridement, repair, maturation
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| gram positive stain | dark blue, purple
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| gram negative stain | bright pink, red
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| what does MIC stand for? | Minimum inhibitory concentration
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| 3 things about eye medication | drops must be reapplied through the day, thicker solutions applied less often, stain is orange on paper and green in eye
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