Terms, People, Events, Species, and Legislature
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| Ecosystem | Biotic and abiotic components in any given area with a defined boundary. (Pond, lake, field, forest)
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| Sustainable | to sustain the patterns and process of ecosystems for the benefit of future generations, while providing goods and services for each generation.
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| Bruntland Report | 1987 UN's World Commission on Environment and Development Report defined sustainable development.
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| Stakeholders | the individuals and groups affected by the policy
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| Northwest Forest Plan | Spotted Owl: To work together to create a sustainable ecosystem that protected all of the wildlife while still provided for human and economic necessities.
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| Adaptive Management | Multistep process- establish goals, create criteria, implement the plan, monitor the plan, evaluate the results, adjust the plan to make it better.
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| Metropolitan Area | The densely populated urban core and the less populated surrounding region
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| Factors influencing urban development | cities were trade centers and people needed to walk to work.
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| Romantic or Arcadian Movement | fostered an interest in family and countryside Thoreau- Industrial revolution made the cities gross
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| Andrew Jackson Downing | Great American Landscape Artist idealized country life in his writing.
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| Urban Pollution | Waste of all sorts was a problem- human, horse, bird. The search for clean water was a very large problem as well.
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| Cesspool and privy vault system | = systems for human waste treatment, night soil was dumped in water or farms
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| miasma | impure air from decaying material
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| Edwin Chadwick | English Lawyer who promoted the idea that disease is related to the lack of sanitation
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| Pasteur and Koch | scientists who worked to improve knowledge of disease. flies were found to be carriers.
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| Sand Filtration and Chlorine | reduced disease by the 1920s
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| St. Louis vs. Chicago Sanitary District | St. Lois took Chicago to court because Chicago was polluting all of the water upstream to it was unusable by the time it got to St. Lois
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| Primary Sewage treatment | mechanical removal of solids
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| Secondary treatment | Elminates BOD (biological oxygen demand)with activated sludge or trickle filter technique
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| Tertiary treatment | removes nutrients
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| Solid Waste Disposal (1900) | Disposal= hogs, water, and landfills= rats and roaches
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| City Beautiful | progressive reform and civic improvement sought to improve the urban environment
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| Horace McFarland | Head of American Civic Association- pushed civic improvement
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| Myra Loyd Dock | A writer who compared Harrisburg with the less developed cities on the Rhine in terms of filth
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| George Waring Jr. | NYC sanitary engineer, developed the white wings to clean up the city. = recycling
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| Sanitary Landfill | Ashes alternated with organic material
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| Air inversion | Cold air trapped below warm air trapping the pollutants in a valley. = harsh smog and haze
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| Clean Air Act of 1970 | Established air quality standards and also later established emission standards for automobiles and power plants.
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| Urban Heat Island | The urban areas are warmer than forested or rural ares because of human activities (heating the homes and such)
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| energy budget= (l-r)S=H+(lambda)E+G | r= reflected radiation (l-r)=absorbed radiation
S=Solar Radiation
H=Convection (Sensible Heat loss)
(Lambda)= latent heat of vaporization
E= Latent heat exchange
G= Conduction to the ground
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| Bowden Ration | sendible heat loss/ latent heat loss
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| macropores | large pores (in soil they hold water and oxygen)
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| Bulk Density | Urban soils are very compacted (have a high bulk density) and it limits the soils ability to absorb water
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| hydrophobic | repels water (in soils it is due to the deposition of hydrocarbons)
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| Impervious surfaces | Roads, parking lots, roofs, that changes the fate of water. Storm drains push water straight into streams (it is not detained in the soil at all)= more flash floods.
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| BMP | Best Management Practices
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| Detention Storage | stores water in collection basins
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| Bio-retention | wetland areas with plants and microbes absorb and break down toxic substances
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| Street Tree Commissions | The people who are responsible for the planting and care of the street trees
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| Street tree considerations | Plant small trees in narrow tree lawns where they will require less water (callery peary and flowering Crab)
-Disease free, pest free, pollutant tolerant (Norway Maple, little-leaf linden)
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| What trees should not be planted? | Fast growing trees- Silver Maples, poplars, aspens- they break easily due to the weather
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| What trees are good for growing grass? What trees are bad for that? | Honey Locust = good. Norway Maple=bad
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| Remnant forests | patches of natural forest that survive in urban areas but are subject to frequent disturbances like pollution, fire,and trampling.
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| Value of Street trees | Micro-climate modifications (latent heat loss, shade, reduce wind speeds, reduce runoff, reduce air pollutants, reduce noise
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| William Kent and Lancelot "Capability" Brown | 18th Century English tastes- country estates created by these two people
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| Ecological Costs of the lawn | Requires large amounts of energy to maintain a lawn, need to apply large quantities of herbicides and pesticides,
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| Energy Efficient House | South facing, mid-slope, evergreens to the west to reduce winter wind and cooling, deciduous in the shouth provides shade
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| Heat Transfer equation= q=U*A*(deltaT) | q= heat loss due to conduction, convection, and radiation
U= coefficient of transmittance
A= area in ft squared
(delta T)= dif. between inside and outside temp
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| What labor saving devices in the early 1800s improved the grain harvest? | Hand and horse drawn implements (sickle, cradle scythe, and horse drawn reaper)
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| Problems of overproduction of crops? | high production is beneficial during wartime= more collateral for loans (debt increases)
-prices drop during slows in demand
=bankruptcies
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| Farm Service Agency | government agency in the USDA that assists farmers in numerous ways.
-Commodity Credit Corporation- created to stabilize and support farm incomes and prices. = Loans with crops as collateral.
-If prices fall below target prices FSA makes up the dif.
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| Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996 | 1. Eliminate acreage control on crops
2. eliminate store food surpluses
3. reduce distorting price support systems
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| Edward Faulkner | Wrote Plowman's Folly- pointed out harmful effects of plowing (high erosion rates)
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| Conservation Tillage | Strives to keep most plant material on the surfaces (Chisel plow and no-till) = Less soil erosion, cheaper labor, fewer trips. Increases herbicide and fertilizer.
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| Soil Organic Matter (SOM) | The amount of living and dead organic matter in the soil= best indicators of soil quality and fertility
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| Value of SOM? | Microbial energy source, humus colloids have a negative charged edge that attracts positive charged nutrients=cation exchange capacity of the soil
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| More SOM value? | Source of nutrients, increases absorb-able water for plants, promotes clumping, increases yield for each 1% carbon
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| volatilization | because it is a gas it escapes into the atmosphere
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| nitrification | bacteria change NH4 into NO3 that can be leached
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| denitrification | changes NO3 into N2 gas and N20 runoff
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| hypoxia | nitrogen runoff stimulates algae growth, bacteria feed on the algae and use up the oxygen.
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| Pest Resurgence | pesticides destroy natural predators, pest recover more quickly
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| Characteristics of Weeds | 1. produce lots of seeds
2. effective seed dispersal through space
3. large amount of seeds
4. plastic growth and seed production patterns
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| 10 Worst Weeds | Goosefoot, Redroot pigweed, Green foxtail, common ragweed, creeping buttercup, curley dock, canada thistle, field bindweed, quack grass, yellow nuts edge,
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| Landscape Ecology | Studies the movement of organisms, nutrients, and energy between different landscape units
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| Riparian Ecosystem | An ecotonal area where terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems meet.
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| Riparian Buffer Strips | act as sinks for nutrients from runoff and groundwater
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| Vegetated Buffer strips | Removes sediment in overland flow and nutrients in ground water
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| Agricultural security areas | Farmers owning more than 500 acres of land can petition for tax relief, exemption from nuisance ordinances
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| Agricultural protection zoning (APZ) | zoning is established by township to protect farmland on prime soils by limiting percentage of hte amount of land that can be developed if it were to be sold.
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| Agricultural Conservation Easement | gov't purchase development rights from the farmer on the conditions that the farm with be used for agricultural production forever. Very profitable for the farmer.
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