Anthropology test #1
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| Anthropological Perspective | The approach to social research that seeks to understand culture from the point of view of the people within that cultural context.
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| Anthropology | the holistic study of humankind
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| applied anthropology | branch of anthropology in which practitioners use anthropology in the service of particular social concerns
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| archaeology | the study of material artifacts to understand a people's culture and society, usually in the past
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| cultural anthropology | the description, interpretation, and analysis of similarities and differences in human cultures
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| Cultural other | a term used to refer to the subjective experience of difference at the cultural level; identifying "us/me" and "them/you" through cultural symbols and markers.
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| ethnoarchaeology | an approach to archaeology that combines the analysis of material life with information taken from contemporary populations.
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| ethnographic fieldwork | anthropology's hallmark research method, base upon the anthropologist's direct experience in a culture.
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| ethnographic interviews | purposeful, documentation conversation with research participants that may be formal or informal
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| ethnography | a rich description and analysis of a culture that includes the anthropologist's experience of "being there"
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| excavation | a rigorous method of extracting artifacts from underground; the primary data collection method of archaeologists
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| focus groups | a type of interview in which small groups of people are asked to discuss a particular topics while the anthropologist takes notes.
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| "go native" | an expression referring to a phenomenon in which an anthropologist fully affiliates with the culture being studied
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| holistic understanding | the view that all parts of human life are interconnected.
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| life history | an interview or series of interviews that document the trajectory of a single life
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| linguistics | the subfield of anthropology devoted to the study of language
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| mapping | diagramming geographical space or human interpretation and use of space
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| mound builders | a native american group known for their burial mounds
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| participation observation | an approach to research that combines participation and observation in various ways to optimize understanding of the culture being studied.
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| physical anthropology | the study of human anatomy, nonhuman primates and human origin
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| primatology | the study of nonhuman primates
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| qualitative research methods | interpretive approaches that use participant observation, interviews, document analysis, and other methods to understand the nature and meaning of phenomena
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| quantitative research methods | measurement based approach that relies mathematics, statistics, and hypotheses for producing and interpreting data
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| rapid ethnographic assessment features | the time compressed use of focus groups, ethnographic interviews, mapping, and other methods within a framework of participant observation.
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| rapport | a relationship of conversational ease with individuals or groups
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| survey | a standardized set of questions applied to numerous individuals or places
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| armchair anthropologists | early anthropologists who gathered datd from travelogues and books rather than from their own direct research
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| cultural relativism | the view that cultural practices and beliefs are best understood in relation to their entire context
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| cultural superiority | the belief that one culture in more enlightened , advanced, civilized, or intelligent than another
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| culture | the total way of life of a group of people that is learned, adaptive, shared and integrated
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| epistemological relativism | the belief that the validity of knowledge itself is limited to the context in which it was produced
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| ethnocentrism | the use of one's own culture to measure another's, putting one's own culture at the center of interpretation and typically devaluing the other culture.
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| historical particularism | an early anthropological theory that argues that each culture is a unique representation of its history and context
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| monogenesis | the view that all humans originate from a single creation of God
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| moral relativism | the idea that something is only right or wrong according to context-specific criteria
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| polygenesis | the theory that various groups of humans appear on earth of were created separately.
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| racism | the belief that humans are organized into race groupings that are different from one another in intelligence and worth
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| tacit ethnocentrism | the assumption that one's own way of life is just normal, not cultural
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| unilinear cultural evolution | an early anthropological theory that states all cultures evolve from simple to complex along a single trajectory of progress
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| xenophobia | an intense, irrational dislike of people from other countries or cultures
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| code switching | the practice of keeping particular forms of speech separate in one's life, using one in one setting and another in another setting
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| creole | type of language formed when speakers of different languages combine their languages
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| descriptive linguistics | the study of specific features of individual languages, such as patterns of grammar and sounds, as they exist in a given moment in time
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| design feature | an element that is common to all languages
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| diachronic | studies that focus on change over time
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| dialect | distinct but mutually intelligible forms of a single language
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| ethnosemantics | the study of the culturally and linguistically specific ways people make sense of the world
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| grammar | the rules that people use to organize their speech
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| historical linguistics | the study of how languages develop and change over time and how different languages are related to one another
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| kinesics | body language
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| language | a system of verbal and nonverbal symbols used to communicate
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| language family | a group of languages that derive from a common ancestor language
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| language hierarchy | the system by which some languages or dialects have ranked political, economic, or social status
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| language theory | an explanation of the general nature of language
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| lexicon | all the morphemes of a particular language
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| linguistic morphology | the patterns and structures of words in a language
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| linguistic nationalism | the use of language to promote nationalist ideologies
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| morphemes | units of language that carry meaning
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| official language | language sanctioned by a ruling body
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| paralanguage | certain qualities applied to particular words, such as volume tone or emphasis
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| philology | the study of societies through their texts
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| phonemes | the sounds available in any particular language
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| phonemics | the study of specific structures and sounds humans use in language
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| phonetics | the study of all possible structures and sounds humans use in language
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| phonology | the study of language sounds, including phonemics and phonetics
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| pidgin | language formed when speakers in a multicultural context use a simplified form of one language as a common language among the groups
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| protolanguage | the ancient language from which all the members of a particular language family are derived
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| regional dialect | an accent and word choice related to geography
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| social dialect | a way of speaking connected to class
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| social register | a way of speaking related to a specific setting such as a sporting event, institution of higher learning, or religious community
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| sociolinguistics | the study of how language is used by people in a society
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| structuralism | a theory of language that says all languages share an underlying binary structure
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| symbol | something that stand for something else
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| synchronic | studies that focus on a given moment in time
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| syntax | the order in which morphemes appear
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| agriculture | a subsistence system that requires constant and intensive use of permanent fields for plant cultivation
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| articulation | the strategic use of several modes of subsistence at the same time
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| balanced reciprocity | a form of exchange in which roughly equivalent good or services are exchanged immediately, or within a relatively short amount of time, with or without money
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| biomass | all living things, plants and animals, contained in and supported by a particular area of land
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| economic anthropology | the study of how people meet needs through production, exchange and consumption
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| ethnocide | the death of a culture when its members shift to a different way of life, even as the people groups survive
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| exchange systems | social processes by which people give and receive goods and services
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| extensive farming | farming practices that involve putting relatively little energy into the land for the calories extracted
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| fissioning | splitting a group into numerous smaller groups. a practice used by foragers to maintain group size and reduce interpersonal conflict
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| foraging | a subsistence strategy based on gathering plants that grow wild in the environment and hunting available animals
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| formalist theory | an economic theory that teaches that the logic people use to pursue economic goals is universal
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| generalized reciprocity | a form of exchange involving gift exchanges with no precise accounting of value and no precise expectation for type or time of return
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| genocide | the systematic killing of most members of a cult
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| horticulture | a subsistence strategy in which people cultivate varieties of wild or domestic crops, primarily for their won use, using relatively little technology
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| intensive farming | agriculture or horticulture techniques that directly replenish the nutrients in the soil, producing higher crop yields
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| leveling mechanism | a redistribution process that reduces social inequality
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| market economy | a system of exchange in which people exchange their labor for money, which is exchanged for goods and services
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| monocropping | growing one species of a plant in a garden or field
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| multicropping | growing several species of plants in a single garden
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| negative reciprocity | a form of exchange in which one or both parties seek to receive more than they give
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| nomadic pastoralism | a form of pastoralism that involves moving animals from place to place in responce to food and water supply
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| pastoralism | a subsistence strategy based on the use of domestic herd animals
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| potlach | a form of redistribution and exchange traditionally practices by Northwest Native American groups
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| production | any human action intended to convert resources in the environment into food
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| property rights | the cultural understanding that some family or person has a right to the land and crops into which labor has been invested
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| redistribution | a system of exchange in which a centralized authority collects goods and service from a group of people and redistributes them
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| subsistence farming | growing food for consumption by ones own family
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| subsistence strategy | a culturally created means of getting food
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| substantivist theory | an economic theory that teaches that economic behavior and motivations vary by culture
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| swidden farming | the clearing and burning of a section of forest for cultivation, and after some time, moving on to a new forest space
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| transumant pastoralism | the practice of moving herds seasonally between high meadows in the summer and human settlements in the winter
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| usufruct rights | an understanding of property rights in which a plot of land "belongs" to the person of family using it. when they are done using it their rights to that land end.
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| cultural ecology | an anthropological theory that teaches that culture can be understood in terms of how people adapt to and interact with natural environment
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| cultural marxism | a postmodern theory that draws on Carl Marx's concepts of power, inequality and class struggle to understand culture change
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| cultural materialism | a theory that understands culture as driven by the material, ecological, and economic adaptations humans make
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| cultural traits | cultural artifacts or activities
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| diffusionism | an early anthropological theory that stating that cultural traits spread from more advanced to less advanced societies
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| falsification | the view that scientific theories cannot be proven, only falsified
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| feminist theory | highlights the importance of gender as an analytic concept and the importance of including women in cultural analysis
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| functionalism | culture develops in response to human needs
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| historical particularism | argues that each culture is a unique representation of its history and context
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| idiographic explanation | a rich description of a particular case
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| naturalism | a belief that all that exists is that which can be touches, seen or otherwise physically experienced
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| nomothic explanation | a generalization, a natural law that predicts and explains culture change and human behavior
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| positivism | seeking universal, nomothic explanation through empirical evidence
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| reflexivity | the inclusion of the anthropologist's perspective and experience in ethnographic writing
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| sociobiology | culture is rooted in the human drive for evolutionary advantage and genetic survival
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| structural-functionalism | the functions of particular beliefs or behaviors may be understood in the support of social order
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| structuralism | human biology, specifically brain structure, drives culture
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