Lab Pro- Blood Part 2
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| Define Polychromasia. | Variation in the cells color
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| Define Anisocytosis. | Variation in the cells size.
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| Define Poikilocytosis. | Variation in the cells shape.
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| What are the 2 types of Polychromasia? | Hyperchromasia and Hypochromasia.
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| What causes the bluish tint in a polychromatic erythrocyte? | Small amount of retained nucleus
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| Describe a hypochromatic cell. | A decrease in color due to hemoglobin within the cell.
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| Define Hb. | Hemoglobin
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| What is the most common cause of hypochromasia? | Iron deficiency
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| Describe a hyperchromatic cell. | An increase in color that gives the appearance that the cell is over-saturated with hemoglobin.
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| True or false. Hyperchromasia can not exist. | True
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| Why can true hyperchromasia not exist? | Each erythrocytes has a finite capasity for hemoglobin, can not be over saturated.
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| How do you measure total solids or total proteins? | g/100mL OR g/dL
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| What is MCHC? | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
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| What does "Mean" entitle? | The average
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| Waht does the MCHC measure? | The average hemoglobin within a cell.
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| What is the normal MCHC? | 31-36%
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| Anisocytosis can indicate what condition? | Anemia
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| What are the two types of anisocytosis? | Microcytosis and macrocytosis.
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| True or false. The larger the cell, the younger the animal. | True
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| Macrocytosis usually indicates what condition? What type of deficiency? | Liver disease; B12
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| MCV stands for __________________. | Mean Corpuscular Volume
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| MCV describes what 3 types of cells? | -Normocytes -Macrocytes -Microcytes
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| What does MCV measure? | The average volume of RBCs.
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| How is an MCV measured? | fL
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| Define fL. | Femtolitres
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| True or false. Poikilocytosis can be used as an overall diagnosis. | False
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| Schistocytes refer to what type of cell? | Fragmented Cells
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| How are Schistocytes formed? | Sheared by the fibrin strands.
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| Define DIC. | Disseminiated Intravascular Coagulopathy
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| Schistocytes are seen in fragmentation hemolysis caused by what 4 conditions? | 1-DIC 2-Vascular Neoplasia 3-Endocarditis 4-Iron Deficiency
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| What is another name for the fragmented cells? | Schistocytes
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| Acanthocytes refer to what type of cells? | Spur cells
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| What does acanthi mean? | Thorn
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| How many irregular fingerlike projections are found on a single spur cell? | 5-10
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| What are the 3 ways a spur cell projection might vary? | Width, length, and surface distribution
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| Where would you usually find an acanthocyte? | In animals with an altered lipid metabolism.
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| When drying slides after a blood smear, how should they be positioned? | Upright position, original blood droplet downwards.
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| What is another name for spur cells? | Acanthocytes
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| True or false. Artifacts are artifically created. | True
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| What is another name for Echinocytes? | Burr cells
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| How are Echinocytes' spines distributed? | Evenly around the cell.
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| When might you see artifically formed Burr cells? | With slow drying slides, or if the EDTA was underfilled.
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| True or false. Crenation is created by the technician. | True
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| What 3 conditions are associated with Echinocytes? | 1-Renal disease 2-Lymphosarcoma 3-Rattlesnake bites in dogs
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| What is another name for Burr cells? | Echinocytes
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| What type of poikilocyte is normally seen in horses after exercise? | Echinocyte
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| How is crenation identified? | As the presence of many irregular membrane projections involving most RBCs.
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| What usually causes crenation? | Slow drying blood slides
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| In what animal would you observe crenation commonly? | Pig
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| What is another term for sickle cell? | Drepanocytes
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| Sickle Cell is a type of what condition? | Anemia
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| Describe a drepanocyte. | Crescent shaped with pointed ends.
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| Sickle cells are often seen in normal blood of what 2 animals? | Deer and goats
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| Drepanocytes are thought to be a result of low ___________. | Oxygen
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| What is another name for Drepanocyte? | Sickle Cell
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| What is the common name for a pre-keratocyte? | Blister cell
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| What is contained in a pre-keratocyte? | Pseudo Vacuole
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| What is another name for blister cells? | Pre-keratocyte
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| What are 2 additional names for keratocytes? | Bite cells and helmet cells.
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| True or false. Helmet Cells are associated with fibrin strand contact/trauma. | True
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| What is the normal shape of a canine red blood cell? | biconcave disk shape
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| What type of animal are spherocytes usually found in? | Dogs
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| What type of cells have reduced cell membrane and are hyper-pigmented? | Spherocytes
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| Define AIHA. | Auto Immune Hemolytic Anemia
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| What cells are most frequently seen in AIHA patients? | Spherocytes
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| What is another name for Codocytes? | Leptocytes
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| Name the 8 types of poikilocytes. | 1-Schistocyte 2-Acanthocyte 3-Echinocyte 4-Drepanocyte 5-Pre-Keratocyte 6-Keratocyte 7-Spherocyte 8-Codocyte
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| What is another name for Leptocytes? | Codocytes
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| What are the 2 types of Codocytes? | Stomatocyte and Target Cell
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| Codocytes describes cell that have an increase in what? | Membrane Surface Area
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| What type of cell has a central pallor that resembles a coin slot? | Stomatocyte
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| What type of cell is seen in liver disease, electrolyte imbalance and acute alcoholism? | Stomatocytes
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| What type of cell is observed mainly in dogs in which there is a change in the central pallor's appearance? | Target Cells
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| What is another name for bull's eye cells? | Target Cells
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| Describe a target cell. | Thin, bell shaped cell with a centrally stained area.
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| What do target cells indicate? | Liver disease or hemoglobinpathies.
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| True or false. Target cells may be seen as an artifact when smears are slowly dried. | False (Blown dry)
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| Dacryocytes are most seen in what type of diseases? | Myelproliferative
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| How can you tell whether a dacryocyte is in it's true form or is presented as an artifact? | The direction of the tails
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| What are NRBC? | Nucleated Red Blood Cells
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| What do NRBCs represent? | And early release of immature RBCs during anemia.
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| Where might you observe basophilic stippling? | In RBCs that contain abnormal aggregation of RNA such as :Heavy metal poisoning, regenerative anemia, or intense erythrogenesis.
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| What type of cell has freckles or spots on it's surface? | Basophilic stippling
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| What are the cells that are often seen in cats and horses as well as those with regenerative anemic animals or in those with spenic disease? | Howell-Jolly Bodies
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| What organ is in charge of storing RBCs? | Spleen
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| What type of cells appear as colorless bumps with a quick stain? | Heinz bodies
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| Heinz bodies are the particles of denatured _________________ protein. | hb (hemoglobin)
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| What type of cell is associated with onion or tylenol toxicity in dogs? | Heinz bodies
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| What are the normal percentages of heinz bodies in felines? | 2-3%
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| What are the immature RBCs that contain organells/ribosomes that are lost in the mature cell? | Reticulocyte
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| What are the 2 normal forms of reticulocytes in felines? | Aggregate form and Punctate form
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| Aggregated reticulocytes mature into what form within __________ hours. | 24
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| True or false. The punctate form for reticulocytes are unique to cats. | True
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| How many granules are within a punctate reticulocyte? | 2-8
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| How long do punctate reticulocytes circulate for before all of the ribosomes are lost? | 7-10 days
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| Non-nucleated cells containing RNA can be easily seen when stained with what? | methylene blue
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| What type of cell will you see with non-regenerative anemia? | Reticulocytes
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| What type of cell will you see with regenerative anemia? | Howell-Jolly Bodies
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| What is the youngest of the reticulocytes? | Aggregated then Punctuate
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| What two reticulocytes are found NORMALLY in cats? | Aggregated and Punctuated
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| If you only see the Punctuate form of reticuloctyes on a blood smear what condition does this indicate? | Non-regenerative anemia
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| Define Myeloproliferative Diseases: | a group of diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced.
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| Give an example of a Myeloproliferative disease: | -Chronic myelogenous leukemia -Polycythemia vera -Primary myelofibrosis (also called chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis). -Essential thrombocythemia -Chronic neutrophilic leukemia -Chronic eosinophilic leukemia
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