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Blood: Part 2
Lab Pro- Blood Part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Polychromasia. | Variation in the cells color |
| Define Anisocytosis. | Variation in the cells size. |
| Define Poikilocytosis. | Variation in the cells shape. |
| What are the 2 types of Polychromasia? | Hyperchromasia and Hypochromasia. |
| What causes the bluish tint in a polychromatic erythrocyte? | Small amount of retained nucleus |
| Describe a hypochromatic cell. | A decrease in color due to hemoglobin within the cell. |
| Define Hb. | Hemoglobin |
| What is the most common cause of hypochromasia? | Iron deficiency |
| Describe a hyperchromatic cell. | An increase in color that gives the appearance that the cell is over-saturated with hemoglobin. |
| True or false. Hyperchromasia can not exist. | True |
| Why can true hyperchromasia not exist? | Each erythrocytes has a finite capasity for hemoglobin, can not be over saturated. |
| How do you measure total solids or total proteins? | g/100mL OR g/dL |
| What is MCHC? | Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration |
| What does "Mean" entitle? | The average |
| Waht does the MCHC measure? | The average hemoglobin within a cell. |
| What is the normal MCHC? | 31-36% |
| Anisocytosis can indicate what condition? | Anemia |
| What are the two types of anisocytosis? | Microcytosis and macrocytosis. |
| True or false. The larger the cell, the younger the animal. | True |
| Macrocytosis usually indicates what condition? What type of deficiency? | Liver disease; B12 |
| MCV stands for __________________. | Mean Corpuscular Volume |
| MCV describes what 3 types of cells? | -Normocytes -Macrocytes -Microcytes |
| What does MCV measure? | The average volume of RBCs. |
| How is an MCV measured? | fL |
| Define fL. | Femtolitres |
| True or false. Poikilocytosis can be used as an overall diagnosis. | False |
| Schistocytes refer to what type of cell? | Fragmented Cells |
| How are Schistocytes formed? | Sheared by the fibrin strands. |
| Define DIC. | Disseminiated Intravascular Coagulopathy |
| Schistocytes are seen in fragmentation hemolysis caused by what 4 conditions? | 1-DIC 2-Vascular Neoplasia 3-Endocarditis 4-Iron Deficiency |
| What is another name for the fragmented cells? | Schistocytes |
| Acanthocytes refer to what type of cells? | Spur cells |
| What does acanthi mean? | Thorn |
| How many irregular fingerlike projections are found on a single spur cell? | 5-10 |
| What are the 3 ways a spur cell projection might vary? | Width, length, and surface distribution |
| Where would you usually find an acanthocyte? | In animals with an altered lipid metabolism. |
| When drying slides after a blood smear, how should they be positioned? | Upright position, original blood droplet downwards. |
| What is another name for spur cells? | Acanthocytes |
| True or false. Artifacts are artifically created. | True |
| What is another name for Echinocytes? | Burr cells |
| How are Echinocytes' spines distributed? | Evenly around the cell. |
| When might you see artifically formed Burr cells? | With slow drying slides, or if the EDTA was underfilled. |
| True or false. Crenation is created by the technician. | True |
| What 3 conditions are associated with Echinocytes? | 1-Renal disease 2-Lymphosarcoma 3-Rattlesnake bites in dogs |
| What is another name for Burr cells? | Echinocytes |
| What type of poikilocyte is normally seen in horses after exercise? | Echinocyte |
| How is crenation identified? | As the presence of many irregular membrane projections involving most RBCs. |
| What usually causes crenation? | Slow drying blood slides |
| In what animal would you observe crenation commonly? | Pig |
| What is another term for sickle cell? | Drepanocytes |
| Sickle Cell is a type of what condition? | Anemia |
| Describe a drepanocyte. | Crescent shaped with pointed ends. |
| Sickle cells are often seen in normal blood of what 2 animals? | Deer and goats |
| Drepanocytes are thought to be a result of low ___________. | Oxygen |
| What is another name for Drepanocyte? | Sickle Cell |
| What is the common name for a pre-keratocyte? | Blister cell |
| What is contained in a pre-keratocyte? | Pseudo Vacuole |
| What is another name for blister cells? | Pre-keratocyte |
| What are 2 additional names for keratocytes? | Bite cells and helmet cells. |
| True or false. Helmet Cells are associated with fibrin strand contact/trauma. | True |
| What is the normal shape of a canine red blood cell? | biconcave disk shape |
| What type of animal are spherocytes usually found in? | Dogs |
| What type of cells have reduced cell membrane and are hyper-pigmented? | Spherocytes |
| Define AIHA. | Auto Immune Hemolytic Anemia |
| What cells are most frequently seen in AIHA patients? | Spherocytes |
| What is another name for Codocytes? | Leptocytes |
| Name the 8 types of poikilocytes. | 1-Schistocyte 2-Acanthocyte 3-Echinocyte 4-Drepanocyte 5-Pre-Keratocyte 6-Keratocyte 7-Spherocyte 8-Codocyte |
| What is another name for Leptocytes? | Codocytes |
| What are the 2 types of Codocytes? | Stomatocyte and Target Cell |
| Codocytes describes cell that have an increase in what? | Membrane Surface Area |
| What type of cell has a central pallor that resembles a coin slot? | Stomatocyte |
| What type of cell is seen in liver disease, electrolyte imbalance and acute alcoholism? | Stomatocytes |
| What type of cell is observed mainly in dogs in which there is a change in the central pallor's appearance? | Target Cells |
| What is another name for bull's eye cells? | Target Cells |
| Describe a target cell. | Thin, bell shaped cell with a centrally stained area. |
| What do target cells indicate? | Liver disease or hemoglobinpathies. |
| True or false. Target cells may be seen as an artifact when smears are slowly dried. | False (Blown dry) |
| Dacryocytes are most seen in what type of diseases? | Myelproliferative |
| How can you tell whether a dacryocyte is in it's true form or is presented as an artifact? | The direction of the tails |
| What are NRBC? | Nucleated Red Blood Cells |
| What do NRBCs represent? | And early release of immature RBCs during anemia. |
| Where might you observe basophilic stippling? | In RBCs that contain abnormal aggregation of RNA such as :Heavy metal poisoning, regenerative anemia, or intense erythrogenesis. |
| What type of cell has freckles or spots on it's surface? | Basophilic stippling |
| What are the cells that are often seen in cats and horses as well as those with regenerative anemic animals or in those with spenic disease? | Howell-Jolly Bodies |
| What organ is in charge of storing RBCs? | Spleen |
| What type of cells appear as colorless bumps with a quick stain? | Heinz bodies |
| Heinz bodies are the particles of denatured _________________ protein. | hb (hemoglobin) |
| What type of cell is associated with onion or tylenol toxicity in dogs? | Heinz bodies |
| What are the normal percentages of heinz bodies in felines? | 2-3% |
| What are the immature RBCs that contain organells/ribosomes that are lost in the mature cell? | Reticulocyte |
| What are the 2 normal forms of reticulocytes in felines? | Aggregate form and Punctate form |
| Aggregated reticulocytes mature into what form within __________ hours. | 24 |
| True or false. The punctate form for reticulocytes are unique to cats. | True |
| How many granules are within a punctate reticulocyte? | 2-8 |
| How long do punctate reticulocytes circulate for before all of the ribosomes are lost? | 7-10 days |
| Non-nucleated cells containing RNA can be easily seen when stained with what? | methylene blue |
| What type of cell will you see with non-regenerative anemia? | Reticulocytes |
| What type of cell will you see with regenerative anemia? | Howell-Jolly Bodies |
| What is the youngest of the reticulocytes? | Aggregated then Punctuate |
| What two reticulocytes are found NORMALLY in cats? | Aggregated and Punctuated |
| If you only see the Punctuate form of reticuloctyes on a blood smear what condition does this indicate? | Non-regenerative anemia |
| Define Myeloproliferative Diseases: | a group of diseases of the bone marrow in which excess cells are produced. |
| Give an example of a Myeloproliferative disease: | -Chronic myelogenous leukemia -Polycythemia vera -Primary myelofibrosis (also called chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis). -Essential thrombocythemia -Chronic neutrophilic leukemia -Chronic eosinophilic leukemia |
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