Respiratory system
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Nasal cavities | Two spaces seperated by the nasal septum, found between the eyes above the oral cavity
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Nasal septum | A bony partition of the nasal cavities
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Nostrils | Two openings in the nasal cavities
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Nasal choana | Nasal conchae
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Nasal conchae | Curved projections along the lateral sides of the nasal cavities, filter out dust particles and warm and humidify the incoming air
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Sinuses | Small cavities in the bones of the skull, lined with mucous membranes, communicate with the nasal cavities
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Pharynx | Passageway lined with mucous membranes, connects the nasal cavities to the larynx
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Nasopharynx | Uppermost portion of the pharynx, lies directly behind the nasal cavities, contains the pharyngeal tonsils
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Oropharynx | Middle portion of the pharynx, lies directly behind the oral cavity, contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
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Laryngopharynx | Bottom portion of the pharynx, lies directly above the larynx
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Larynx | Cartilaginous structure, contains the vocal cords and a small protrusion of cartilage commonly called the adam's apple
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Adam's apple | Also called the voice box
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Glottis | Opening between the two vocal cords
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Epiglottis | Cartilaginous structure above the glottis, folds down over the glottis during swallowiing to prevent food and water from entering the trachea
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Trachea | Rigid tube made up of a series of horseshoe-shaped cartilaginous rings, connects the pharynx to the bronchi of the lungs
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Windpipe | Trachea
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Lungs | Organs in which gas exchange takes place
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Mediastinum | Anatomical space between the lungs where the trachea, heart, major blood vessels, and esophagus are found
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Bronchi | Cartilaginous tubes that extend from the trachea into the lungs
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Bronchioles | Small bronchi
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The exchange of gases in the lungs takes place by | Diffusion
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Terminal bronchioles | Last segments of the bronchioles, connect to the alveoli
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Alveoli | Tiny sacs that number about 350 million per lung, where gas exchange takes place
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Surfactant | Lipid secreted into the alveoli, reduces surface tension of water within the lung, thus decreasing energy required to fill the alveoli with air
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Pleural membranes | Serous membranes associated with the lungs, produce a lubricant to reduce friction between the lungs and the walls of the pleural cavity
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Parietal pleura | Serous membrane surrounding the internal walls of the thoracic cavity
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Visceral pleura | Serous membrane lining the outer surface of the lungs
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Cardiac notch | Angular notch in the left lung to accomidate the heart
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Inhalation | Active phase of breathing in which energy is used to draw air into the lungs
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Exhalation | Passive phase of breathing in which air is pushed out of the lungs
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Tidal volume | Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs in one breath during quiet, relaxed breathing
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Residual volume | Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation
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Vital capacity | Volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
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Total lung capacity | Total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs
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Eupnea | Normal breathing
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Apnea | Breathing stops for a period of time
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Dyspnea | Trouble breathing
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