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Anatomy/Physiology 1
Chapter one Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Science of body structures and the relationships among them. |
| Physiology | Science of body functions and how the body parts work. |
| Surface Anatomy | Study of Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation. |
| Gross Anatomy | Study of Structures that can be examined without using a microscope. |
| Systemic Anatomy | Study of Structures of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or the respiratory systems. |
| Regional Anatomy | Study of Specific regious of the body such as the head or chest. |
| Endocrinology | Study of Hormones(chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body function. |
| Immunology | Study of how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents. |
| Six levels of the structural organizaiton in the human body. | 1. Chemical Level2. Cellular Level3. Tissue Level4. Organ Level5. System Level6. Organismal Level |
| Chemical Level | Contains Atoms and Molecules |
| Atoms | Smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions |
| Molecules | Two or more atoms joined together |
| Atoms essential for maintaining life | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, Sulfer |
| Two molecules found in the body | DNA and Glucose |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | DNA - Genetic material passed from one generation to the next |
| Glucose | Blood Sugar |
| Cellular Level | Molecules combine to form cells |
| Cells, | The basic structural and functional units of an organism |
| Types of Cells in the body | 1. Muscle Cells2. Nerve Cells3. Epithelial Cells |
| Tissue Level / Tissue | Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. |
| Four basic types of tissue | 1. Epithelial Tissue2. Connective Tissue3. Muscular Tissue4. Nervous Tissue |
| Organ Level | Different types of tissues are joined together to form an organ |
| Organs | Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes. |
| System Level / System | Consists of related organs with a common function. AKA Organ-system level |
| Organismal Level / Organism | Any Living Individuel, which includes all the parts of the human body functioning together to constitue the entire organism. |
| Palpation | Feels the body surfaces with the hands |
| Auscultation | Listens to the body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs |
| Percussion | Taps on the body surface witht he fingertips and listens to the resulting echo. |
| 6 Basic Life Processes of the human body | 1. Metabolism2. Responsiveness3. Movement4. Growth5. Differentiation6. Reproduction |
| Metabolism | sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. Includes Catabolism and Anabolism. |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. |
| Anabolism | Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. |
| Responsiveness | Body's ability to detect and respond to changes. Nerve cells respond by generating electrical signals (nerve impulses). Muscles cells respond by contracting which generates movement. |
| Movement | Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structures inside cells. |
| Growth | Increase in body size that results from an increase in teh size of existing cells, an increase in teh number of cells, or both. |
| Differentiation | Developmetn of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. |
| Stem cells | Precursor cells that divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation |
| Reproduction | Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or to the production of a new individual. |
| Homeostasis | Condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes. |
| Important part of Homeostasis | To maintain the volume and composition of body fluids, dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them. |
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) | Fluid within cells |
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) | Fluid outside body cells |
| Interstitial Fluid | ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues. |
| Blood Plasma | ECF within blood vessels |
| Lymph | ECF within lymphatic vessels |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord |
| Synovial Fluid | ECF in joints |
| Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Body | ECF of the eyes |
| Blood Capillaries | Smallest blood vessels in the body. |
| Control of Homeostasis - Nervous | Nervous system regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as nerve impulses to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state. |
| Control of Homeostasis - Endrocrine | Includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood. |
| Changes of Homeostasis | Nerve impulses cause rapid changes; Hormones more slowly. |
| Feedback System | Cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on. |
| Controlled condition | Each monitored variable such as body temp, blood pressure |
| Stimulus | Any disruption that changes a controlled condition |
| Feedback system has 3 basic components | 1. Receptor2. Control Center3. Effector |
| Receptor | Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center. |
| Control Center | Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when needed. |
| Output | Occurs as nerve impulses or hormones |
| Effector | Body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition. |
| Negative Feedback System | Reverses a change in a controlled condition |
| Example of negative feedback | Blood pressure |
| Positive Feedback System | Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of teh body's controlled conditions |
| Examples of Positive Feedback | 1. Child Birth2. Lactation3. Blood Clotting |
| Disorder | Any abnormality of structure or function. |
| Disease | More specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptems. |
| Symptoms | Subjective changes in body fuctions that are not apparent to an observer |
| Signs | Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure |
| Epidemiology | Science that deals with why, when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted |
| Pharmacology | Science that deals with effects and uses of drugs in teh treatment of disease. |
| Diagnosis | Science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another |
| Anatomical Position | Subject stands erect facing teh observer with the eyes facing directly, forwards. Feet are flat and directed forward. Limbs at side and palms forward |
| Prone | Body lying facedown |
| Supine | Body lying face up |
| Directional Terms | Words that describe the position of one body part relative to another. |
| Superior (CEPHALIC OR CRANIAL) | Toward the head, or upper body part of a structure |
| Inferior (Caudal) | Away from the head or the lower part of a structure |
| Anterior (Ventral) | Nearer to or at the front of the body. |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | Nearer to or at the back of the body. |
| Medial | Nearer to the midline |
| Lateral | Farther from the midline |
| Intermediate | Between two structures |
| Ipsilateral | On the same side of the body as another structure |
| Contralateral | On the opposite side of the body from another structure |
| Proximal | Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure |
| Distal | Further fromt he attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure |
| Superficial | Toward or on the surface of the body |
| Deep | Away from the surface of the body |
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