Lymphatic and Immune Systems for Massage
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| Lymph fluid | fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels
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| Lymph capillaries | smallest microscopic lymph vessels. walls are squamous epithelium to readily allow fluid to enter
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| Right lymphatic duct | bring lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body and drains into the right subclavian vein
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| Thoracic duct | brings lymph from the upper-left quadrant and lower extremities of the body and drains into the left subclavian vein
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| Cisterna Chyli | sac-like enlargement on the inferior portion of the thoracic duct. (lymph and fat are referred to as Chyle)
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| Lacteals | small specialized lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine, carry chyle (lymph and fat)
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| Lymphoid organs | organs that help remove impurities and process lymphocytes
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| Lymph nodes | patches of lymphoid tissue that contain high amounts of phagocytes and produce lymphocytes; usually occur in clusters
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| Spleen | functions of this organ: Filtering blood, producing red blood cells before birth, destroying old red blood cells, reservoir for blood storage in case of hemorrhage
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| Tonsils | three pairs of lymphoid organs found in the pharynx; help fight infection and filter blood.
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| Pharyngeal tonsils | tonsils located just below the nasopharynx
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| Palatine tonsils | tonsils visible on the walls of the oropharynx when looking into the mouth
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| Lingual tonsils | located on the posterior aspect of the tongue
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| Thymus | lymphoid organ found in the mediastinum above the heart. Thymosin, a hormone that converts white blood cells into T lymphocytes, which are essential in activating the immune system.
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| Nonspecific immunity | defenses of the body that do not discriminate between one threat and another
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| Physical barriers | nonspecific immunity including skin, hair, mucus, earwax, tears, and sweat.
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| Phagocytes | includes mobile and free macrophages
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| Reflexes | nonspecific immunity including coughing sneezing vomiting, diarrhea, and fever
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| Interferon | nonspecific immunity that interferes with virus replication
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| Normal flora | nonspecific immunity, the normal population of bacteria that inhabit the skin and GI tract, preventing harmful bacteria from residing and multiplying in the body.
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| Specific immunity | immunity produced by lymphatic tissue and immune cells; results from exposure to a specific antigen from a foreign cell.
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| Antibodies (immunoglobulins) | attach to a specific antigen; bind similar cells together, which prepares cells for phagocytosis
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| T lymphocytes (T cells) | specialized which blood cells that originate from the thymus; responsible for activating and regulating the immune response.
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| T helper cells | cells responsible for identifying an antigen as foreign and initiating defense mechanisms
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| T cytotoxic cells | cells capable of directly identifying a foreign antigen on the surface of a cell, binding to it, and destroying the cell.
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| B cells | specialized lymphocytes responsible for identifying a foreign antigen and differentiating into plasma cells to produce antibodies for the antigen.
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| Memory cells | B cells that remain in the body for years after the first exposure to an antigen to provide protection in the event of a subsequent exposure.
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| Inborn immunity | immunity dependent on species, race, and individuality.
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| Acquired immunity | immunity that develops after exposure to foreign antigen.
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| Active naturally acquired immunity | immunity acquired by actual exposure to the foreign antigen by natural means
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| Passive naturally acquired immunity | immunity from antibodies inherited from the mother through the placenta or through breast milk.
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| Active artificially acquired immunity | immunity developed after inoculation of a foreign antigen in a vaccine or in a killed or attenuated toxoid.
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| Passive artificially acquired immunity | immunity from antibodies taken from one individual and given to another
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