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Massage Principles 2

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Answer
muscle found in blood vessels and some organs   Visceral muscle  
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Thin myofilament   Actin  
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Fascial covering of entire muscle   Epimysium  
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Flat, broad tendon   Aponeurosis  
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Cordlike structure attaching muscle to bone   Tendon  
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Bundles of muscles fibers   Faciculi  
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Ability of a muscle to shorten   Contractility  
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Voluntary, striated muscle   Skeletal muscle  
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Retaining bands of connective tissue around knees, ankles, and wrists   Retinacula  
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Thick myofilament   Myosin  
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Muscles contractile unit   Sarcomere  
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A muscle fiber, made up of actin and myosin filaments   Myofibril  
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Term referring to skeletal muscles and related fascia   Myofascial  
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Ability of a muscle to lengthen   Extensibility  
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Central region of resting sarcomere   H-band  
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Enzyme that cleans up acetylcholine left in the synaptic cleft after muscle contraction   Acetylcholinesterase  
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Fatigue resistant fibers   Slow twitch fibers  
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Cell membrane of muscle   Sarcolemma  
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Muscle causing desired action   agonist  
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Ends of a resting sarcomere   Z-lines  
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Lengthening ontractions   Eccentric contractions  
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A single motor neuron and all its associated skeletal muscle fibers   Motor unit  
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stimulated during ballistic stretching and muscle contracts   Muscle spindles  
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Point where the axon terminates at the sarcolemma connect   Neuromuscular junction  
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Process of motor unit actvaion based on need   recruitment  
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Regulatory proteins that prevent myosin attachment and, therefore , muscle sontraction   Troponin/tropomyosin  
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levator scapulae, pectoralis minor, rhomboids, serratus anterior, trapezius (lower, midder and upper)   Muscles of scapular movement  
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Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, deltoid (all 3), infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, subscapularis, suprespinatus, teres major/minor, triceps brachii   Muschles of shoulder movement  
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anconeus, biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, pronator teres, triceps brachii   Muscles of elbow movement  
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Biceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis brevis/longus; extensor carpi ulnaris; extensor digitorum; flexor carpi radialis/ulnaris; Flexor digitorum superficialis; palmaris longus; pronator quadratus/teres; supinator   Muscles of the forearm, wrist, and hand movement  
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adductor (all 3), Biceps femoris, gemellus inferior/superior; gluteus (all 3), gracilis, iliacus, obturator externus/internus; pectineus; piriformis, psoas major; quadratus/rectus femoris, satorius; semimembranosus; semitendinosus; tensor fascia lata   Muscles of hip movement  
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Rectus/Biceps femoris; gastrocnemius; gracilis; plantaris; popliteus; sartorius; semimembranosus; semitendinosus; vastus intermedius/lateralis/medialis   muscles of knee movement  
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extensor/flexor digitorum longus; extensor/flexor hallucis longus; gastrocnemius; peroneus brevis/longus; plantaris; soleus; tibialis anterior/posterior   muscles of ankle and foot movement  
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masseter; platysma; pterygoid lateralis/medialis; temporalis   Muscles of Mandibular movement  
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Levator scapulae; longissimus; longus capitis/colli; oblique capitis superior; rectus capitis posterior major/minor; scalenus anterior/medius/posterior; spinalis; splenius capitis/cervicis; sternocleidomastoid; trapezius   Muscles of head and neck movement  
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external/inernal obliques; iliocostalis; longissimus; multifidus; psoas major; quadratus lumborum; rectus abdominis; rotatores; semispinalis; spinalis   Muscles of vertebral column movement  
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swimmers muscle; actions of shoulder extension   Latissimus dorsi  
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corkscrew muscle; flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm   Biceps brachii  
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contractions of this muscle may cause angina-like pain   Pectoralis Major  
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frozen shoulder muscle   subscapularis  
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neurovascular entrapper; muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula and ribs 3 to 5   Pectoralis minor  
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christmas tree muscle; oblique fiber arrangement   rhomboids major/minor  
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the two boxer's muscles   serratus anterior & triceps brachii  
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musculotendinous cuff muscle that attaches on th lesser tubercle of the humerus   subscapularis  
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coat hanger's muscle; most superficial muscle of the posterior upper back   trapezius  
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most effective arm flexor b/c of its mechanical advantage   brachialis  
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muscles that attaches to the deltoid tuberosity   deltoid  
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muscles named for elevating the scapula   levator scapulae  
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musculotendinous cuff muscle that does not actually rotate   supraspinatus  
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Muscle that attaches to the coracoid process and the humerus   Coracobrachialis  
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muscle that extends th index finger   extensor indicis  
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muscle that flexes & adduct the wrist   extensor carpi ulnaris; flexor carpi radialis  
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tea drinker's muscle; extends the little finger; muscles that flexes the little finger   extensor digiti minimi  
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muscle that performs abduction of the wrist   flexor carpi radialis  
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muscles that moves the thumb ino opposition   opponens pollicis  
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muscle that extends the wrist   extensor carpi ulnaris  
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tailors muscle   sartoris  
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hamstring that attaches to the fibular head   Biceps femoris  
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Quadriceps femoris muscle that crosses two joints   Rectus femoris  
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muscle that initiates walking   Iliopsoas  
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Largest outward rotator of the hip   Piriformis  
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Strongest extender of the hip   Gluteus maximus  
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Hamstring extender of the hip   Semitendinosus  
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Adductor that forms the letter V wih the femoral shaft   Gracilis  
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Mini-Gastrocnemius; missing in about 10% of cadavers   Plantaris  
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Muscle that dorsiflexes the ankle and everts the foot   Peroneus longus  
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Muscle called the key that unlock the knee   Popliteus  
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Muscle of plantar flexion that attaches below the knee joint   Soleus  
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Toe dancer's muscle   Gastrocnemius  
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Adductor muscle that attaches to the linea aspera and the adductor tubercle   Adductor Magnus  
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Muscle for blowing   Buccinator  
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Winking muscle   Orbicularis Oculi  
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Muscle of mastication attaching to the coronoid process of the mandible   Temporalis  
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Muscle of mastication that attaches to the temporomandibular joint capsule   Lateral pterygoid  
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Muscle that lifts the corners of the mouth into a smile   Zygomaticus Major/Minor  
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Muscles tat is called the pouting muscles   Platysma  
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Muscle tht lies across the fontal bone and contributes to tension headaches   Frontalis  
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Muscle that ataches to the dura mater   Rectus capitis posterior minor  
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Kissing muscle   Orbicularis oris  
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Hip hiker's muscle; elevates th hip   Quadratus lumborum  
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Deepest ransversospinalis muscle   Rotatores  
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Medial erector spinae muscle   Spinalis  
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Abdominal muscle w/ oblique fiber arrangemen   External obliques  
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Main muscle of respiration   Diaphragm  
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Most lateral erector spinae muscle   Iliocoatalis  
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Abdominal muscle that attaches the the xiphoid process and the ribs   Rectus abdominis  
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Part of the transversospinalis named for the muscle many attachments   Multifidus  
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Muscle that depresses the rib cage during exhalation   Internal intercostals  
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Intermediate tract of the erector spinae group that attaches to the occipital bone   Longissimus  
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division of the autonomic nervous system tht creates the alarm reaction; also known as thoracolumbar outflow   Sympathetic nervous system  
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contains the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges   Central nervous system  
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Nerve cell classified as connective tissue that supports; nourishes; protects; insulates; and orgnizes the neurons   Neuroglia  
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A group of impulse carrying fibers   Nerve  
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Extensions of a nerve cell that receives and transmits stimuli toward the cell body   Dendrite  
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Contains the cranial and spinl nerves   Periperal nervous system  
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An impulse conducting cell possessing the properities of excitability and conductibility   Nodes of Ranvier  
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Cell extension transmitting impulses away from the cell body   Axon  
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Junction between two neurons   Synapse  
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Chemicals that facilitate, arouse, or inhibit the transmission of nerve impulses   Neurotransmitter  
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Divions of the autonomic nervous system that is involved w/ relaxation response; also known as craniosacral outflow   Parasympathetic nervous system  
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Division of th PNS that is involuntary, supplying the smooth muscles, heart muscle, skin, special senses, some proprioceptors, organs, and glands   Autonomic Nervous system  
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Fat and protein insulating substance around some axon to assist conduction   Myelin  
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An instantaneous, involuntary response to a stimulus   Reflex  
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Interruptions in the myelin along an axon that increase neural condustion rate   Neuron  
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Special connective tissue membranes covering the brain and spinal cord   Meninges  
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Part of the brain that governs muscle tone, coordination, balance, ine and gross motor movements   Cerebellum  
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When the stimulus generates a nerve impulse, the impulse is conducted long the entire neuron at maximum capicity   All or none response  
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A cluster of nerve cell bodies located on the PNS, typically next to the spinal cord   Ganglion  
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Tendon reflex receptios that respond by inhibiting muscle contractions   Golgi tendon organs  
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Part of the brain stem containing the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers   Medulla Oblongata  
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The measurement of electical difference between the inside and outside of the neural cell membrane   Action potential  
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A network of intersecting nerves in the PNS   Plexus  
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An area of th skin that a specific sensory nerve root serves   Dermatome  
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Clear fluid circulating around the brain and spinal cord   Cerebrospinal Fluid  
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Receptors for detecting pain   Nociceptors  
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The brain wave state that represents a person who is awake but relaxed   Alpha  
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Stretch reflex receptors that respond by contracting the muscle   Muscle spindles  
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A decrease in sensitivity o a prolonged stimulus   Adaptation  
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General term for receptors responding to changes in muscle length and tension, and body position   Proprioceptors  
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Prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, master gland   Pituitary (anterior lobe)  
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Aldosterone, cortisol   Adrenal cortex  
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Insulin, Glucagon   Pancreas  
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Thyroxin & triidothyronine, Calcitonin   Thyroid gland  
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Estrogen & progesterone,   Ovaries  
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Parathyroid hormone   Parathyroid glands  
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Oxytocin, contains neurosecretory cells in pituitary, master gland   Pituitary (posterior gland)  
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Epinephrine & norepinephrine   Adrenal Medulla  
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Regulates endocrine functions of the adrenal cortex   Adrenocorticotropic hormone  
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Involved in uterine contractions; stimulates milk ecpression   Oxytocin  
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Decreases urine output   Antidiuretic hormone  
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Decreases blood glucose levels   Insulin  
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Stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk   Prolactin  
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Stimulates ovulation   Luteinizing hormone  
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Stimulates protein synthesis for muscle/bone growth   Human growth hormone  
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Stimulate secretion and production of thyroid hormones   Human growth hormone  
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Stimulates the distribution of melanin granules in the skin   Melanocyte stimulating hormone  
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Increases blood glucose levels   Glucagon  
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Influences mental, physical, and metabolic activities   Thyroxine  
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Local decrease in blood flow   Ischemia  
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Straw-colored liquid that helps transport blood cells from invading bacteria; life span a few hours to a few days   Leukocytes (WBC's)  
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The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each ventricular contraction   Stroke volume  
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Blood cells involved in blood clotting; life span 5 to 9 days   Platelets (thrombocytes)  
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Superior heart chamber   Atrium  
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Enlargement of the vascular lumen   Vasodilation  
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Universal blood recipent   Type AB  
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Genetically determined protiens on the surface of RBC'S   Agglutinogens  
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Superficial artery in the throat region   Carotid  
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These blood cells serve as part of the body's immune system   Plasma  
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Most numerous blood cells and possesses hemoglobin; transports oxygen & carbon dioxide in the blood; life span 100 to 120 days   Erthrocytes (RBC's)  
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An iron based protein that is the red respiratory pigment in RBC's   Hemoglobin  
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Thick walled inferior heart chamber   Ventricle  
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Vessels that drain the tissues, returning the deoxygenated blood back to the heart   Veins  
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Increased local blood flow   Hyperemia  
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Vessels that move blood away from the heart   Arteries  
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Universal blood donor   Type O  
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Pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls during contraction of the left ventricle   Blood pressure  
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Generative lymphatic structure that produces precursors of all lymphocytes   Bone marrow  
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Lymphatic duct that drains the right arm, right side of the head, and right half of thorax, dumping lymph into the right subclavian vein   Right lymphatic duct  
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Groups of specialized lymph tissues embedded in mucus membranes around the throat   Tonsils  
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Thymus derived cells that respond quickly to pathogens, types include helper cells, cytotoxic cells, and memory cells   T cells  
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Largest lymphatic organ; lies w/in the lateral rib cage just posterior to the stomach   Spleen  
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a protective mechanism that stabilizes and prepares the damaged tissue for repair; symptoms are local heat, swelling, redness, pain, and decreased function   Inflammation  
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Type of immunity that is a nonspecific response to invading pathogens   Natural immunity  
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Lymphoid cells in the mucosa or submucosa of the alimentary canal   Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue  
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Filtering stations for lymph   Lymph nodes  
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Immunological response that is diverse but specific and involves lymphocytes   Acquired immunity  
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Lymphatic structure located inferior to the cecum   Vermiform appendix  
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Fluid of the lymphatic system   Lymph  
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Bone marrow derived cells secreting antibodies that destroy antigens   B cells  
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Lymphatic duct that drains the majority of the body and dumps lymph into the left subclavian vein   Thoracic duct  
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Lymphatic sac located between the abdominal aorta and L2; inferior portion of the thoracic duct   Cisterna chyli  
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Generative lymphatic organ receiving immature b-cells, maturing them into t cells   Thymus  
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Surrounding and protecting the heart   epicardium  
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the thick cardiac muscle layer that makes up the bulk of the heart wall; contraction forces blood out of the ventricles   myocardium  
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thin, inner lining of the heart   endocardium  
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receives blood from all parts of the body except the lungs   right atrium  
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receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood through the pulmonary trunk and into the right and left pulmonary arteries   Right ventricle  
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the oxygen rich blood from the pulmonary veins enters here   left atrium  
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thickest heart wall b/c it pumps blood into the aorta and then thru miles of blood vessels thru-out the body   Left ventricle  
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the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each contraction   stroke volume  
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separate the atria from the ventricles; produce the lubb sound of the heart when they close   Atrioventricular valves  
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right av valve that posesses 3 flaps or cusps   tricuspid  
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the left av valve that possesses 2 flaps or cusps   bicuspid valve (mitral valve)  
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located between both ventricles and their adjacent arteries consists of 3 half moon shaped cusps; produces the dupp sound when it close   semilunar valves  
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When the diameter of the vascular lumen enlarges   vasodilation  
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When the diameter of the vascular lumes gets narrow   vasoconstriction  
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nose > Nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli > lung   the way air is conducted thru the pathway of structures  
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Process of drawing air into the lungs; occurs when the diaphram contracts and descends into the adbominal cavity (forced) req's addtl help from the scm, scalenes, and pec minor   Inspiration/inhalation  
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tiny sacs attached to the distal ends of th bronchioles   Alveoli  
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Referred to as the guardian of the airways b/c it closes the trachea during swallowing   Epiglottis  
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paired organs of respiration   Lungs  
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throat or muscular tube shared by the respiratory and digestive systems   Pharynx  
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Process responsible for expelling air from the lungs back to the atmosphere   expiration  
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Hair like projections on the outer surfaces on certain cells   Cilia  
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Right and left air conduction passageways leading to each lung; total air amount that can be forcibly inspired and expired from the lungs in one breath   Vital capacity  
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Gas exchange in the lungs between blood and the external environment   External respiration  
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Phospholipids that assist in the exchange of gas in the alveoli by reducing surface tension and contributing to lung elasticity   Surfactants  
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Voice box that houses the 2 sets of vocal cords   Larynx  
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Windpipe; a tube from the larynx to the upper chest   Trachea  
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Gas excange between blood and body tissues   Internal respiration  
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The basic filering unit of the kidney   Nephron  
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A small tubular structure that transports urine from the unionary bladder out of the body during urination   Urethra  
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Hormone promoting the retention of sodium, which stimulates the reabsorption of more water back into the blood plasma   Antidiuretic hormone  
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Two slender hollow tubes transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder   Ureters  
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Concentrated filtrate from the kidneys that is 96% water and 4% dissolved wastes   Urine  
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Inner region of the kidney called the urine collecting facility   Renal medulla  
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Bean shaped pair of organs; the major homeostatic organs of the body; located bilaterally in the upper lumbar region of the spine behind the abdominal peritoneum   Kidneys  
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Mechanism monitoring blood pressure consisting of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells   Juxtaglomerular apparatus  
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Indentation in the medial concave region of the kidney where arteries, veins, and the ureters enter and exit   Renal hilus  
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Word meaning urination   Micturition  
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Hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water   Aldosterone  
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Bundles of renal tubules in the medulla   Medullary pyramids  
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Musclar organ providing a temporary storage reservoir for urine   Urinary bladder  
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Outer region of the kidney called the urine mfg facility   Renal cortex  
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Loops of minute blood vessels in the glomerular capsule   Glomeruli  
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word meaning behind the abdominal peritoneum   Retroperitoneal  
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transferring heat energy through circulating currents of liquid or gas   Convection  
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A place where water therapies are administered   Spa  
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Application of ice combined w/ circular friction   Ice massage  
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The exchange of thermal energy while the body's surface is in direct contact w/ the thermal agent   Conduction  
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The application of a cold pack followed by full range of motion of the affected area   Cryokinetics  
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Hot air bath w/ temps ranging from 170 to 210 degrees F in 10% to 20% humidity   Sauna bath  
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full or partial immersion w/ the client sitting in a vessel such as whirlpool, spa or hot tub, or a hubbard tank   Immersion bath  
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Hot vapor bath where the temp is maintained at 105 to 120 degres F at 100% humidity   Steam bath  
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A bath technique where water is sprayed in fine streams from a showerhead under low to medium pressure   Shower  
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A shower w/ water spraying from overhead w/ side-positioned needlelike valves at varying heights   Swiss shower  
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A high pressure stream of cold water applied to a standing client w/ the therapist standing at a specific distance   Blitz gus  
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A deep water pool plunge w/ water temp maintained at a chilly 50 to 60 degrees F   Cold plunge  
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A high pressure stream of alt. hot and cold water applied to a standing client w/ a therapist standing at a specific distance   Scotch hose  
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A shower w/ water spraying from multi overhead mounted showerheads while the client lies on a table; the needlelike streams alt. w/ hot and cold water   Vicky shower  
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trigger points that do not hurt all the time; they are activated by some stressor such as physical activity, emotional stress, or direct pressure on the muscle   Latent trigger points  
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Sustained digital pressure applied to trigger points to relieve pain and discomfort; referred to as trigger point work   Ischemic compression  
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Another term for deep tranverse friction   Cross fiber friction  
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The tendency of trigger points to produce sensations of pain distal from that of the trigger point   Referred pain phenomena  
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A reflexive impulse that causes the affected muscle or an adjacent muscle to fire spontaneously   Local twitch response  
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An injury of sudden onset   Acute  
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Areas that are noticeably painful even when no external physical stimulation is present; they refer pain in specific patterns   Active trigger points  
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A spontaneous reaction of pain or discomfort that may cause a client to wince or verbalize on application of pressure   Jump sign  
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An injury that is long standing; the original cause may not be known   Chronic  
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Any noticeable or measurab;e deviation from the normal composition of healthy tissue   Lesion  
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A group of manual techiniques used to reduce fascial restrictions; techniques include deep gliding, pin and glide, torquing, and skin rolling   Myofacial release  
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Hypersensitive areas found in muscles, fascia, tendons, ligaments, skin. periosteum, and even organs   Trigger points  
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