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Massage Principles 2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
muscle found in blood vessels and some organs | Visceral muscle |
Thin myofilament | Actin |
Fascial covering of entire muscle | Epimysium |
Flat, broad tendon | Aponeurosis |
Cordlike structure attaching muscle to bone | Tendon |
Bundles of muscles fibers | Faciculi |
Ability of a muscle to shorten | Contractility |
Voluntary, striated muscle | Skeletal muscle |
Retaining bands of connective tissue around knees, ankles, and wrists | Retinacula |
Thick myofilament | Myosin |
Muscles contractile unit | Sarcomere |
A muscle fiber, made up of actin and myosin filaments | Myofibril |
Term referring to skeletal muscles and related fascia | Myofascial |
Ability of a muscle to lengthen | Extensibility |
Central region of resting sarcomere | H-band |
Enzyme that cleans up acetylcholine left in the synaptic cleft after muscle contraction | Acetylcholinesterase |
Fatigue resistant fibers | Slow twitch fibers |
Cell membrane of muscle | Sarcolemma |
Muscle causing desired action | agonist |
Ends of a resting sarcomere | Z-lines |
Lengthening ontractions | Eccentric contractions |
A single motor neuron and all its associated skeletal muscle fibers | Motor unit |
stimulated during ballistic stretching and muscle contracts | Muscle spindles |
Point where the axon terminates at the sarcolemma connect | Neuromuscular junction |
Process of motor unit actvaion based on need | recruitment |
Regulatory proteins that prevent myosin attachment and, therefore , muscle sontraction | Troponin/tropomyosin |
levator scapulae, pectoralis minor, rhomboids, serratus anterior, trapezius (lower, midder and upper) | Muscles of scapular movement |
Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, deltoid (all 3), infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, subscapularis, suprespinatus, teres major/minor, triceps brachii | Muschles of shoulder movement |
anconeus, biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, pronator teres, triceps brachii | Muscles of elbow movement |
Biceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis brevis/longus; extensor carpi ulnaris; extensor digitorum; flexor carpi radialis/ulnaris; Flexor digitorum superficialis; palmaris longus; pronator quadratus/teres; supinator | Muscles of the forearm, wrist, and hand movement |
adductor (all 3), Biceps femoris, gemellus inferior/superior; gluteus (all 3), gracilis, iliacus, obturator externus/internus; pectineus; piriformis, psoas major; quadratus/rectus femoris, satorius; semimembranosus; semitendinosus; tensor fascia lata | Muscles of hip movement |
Rectus/Biceps femoris; gastrocnemius; gracilis; plantaris; popliteus; sartorius; semimembranosus; semitendinosus; vastus intermedius/lateralis/medialis | muscles of knee movement |
extensor/flexor digitorum longus; extensor/flexor hallucis longus; gastrocnemius; peroneus brevis/longus; plantaris; soleus; tibialis anterior/posterior | muscles of ankle and foot movement |
masseter; platysma; pterygoid lateralis/medialis; temporalis | Muscles of Mandibular movement |
Levator scapulae; longissimus; longus capitis/colli; oblique capitis superior; rectus capitis posterior major/minor; scalenus anterior/medius/posterior; spinalis; splenius capitis/cervicis; sternocleidomastoid; trapezius | Muscles of head and neck movement |
external/inernal obliques; iliocostalis; longissimus; multifidus; psoas major; quadratus lumborum; rectus abdominis; rotatores; semispinalis; spinalis | Muscles of vertebral column movement |
swimmers muscle; actions of shoulder extension | Latissimus dorsi |
corkscrew muscle; flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm | Biceps brachii |
contractions of this muscle may cause angina-like pain | Pectoralis Major |
frozen shoulder muscle | subscapularis |
neurovascular entrapper; muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula and ribs 3 to 5 | Pectoralis minor |
christmas tree muscle; oblique fiber arrangement | rhomboids major/minor |
the two boxer's muscles | serratus anterior & triceps brachii |
musculotendinous cuff muscle that attaches on th lesser tubercle of the humerus | subscapularis |
coat hanger's muscle; most superficial muscle of the posterior upper back | trapezius |
most effective arm flexor b/c of its mechanical advantage | brachialis |
muscles that attaches to the deltoid tuberosity | deltoid |
muscles named for elevating the scapula | levator scapulae |
musculotendinous cuff muscle that does not actually rotate | supraspinatus |
Muscle that attaches to the coracoid process and the humerus | Coracobrachialis |
muscle that extends th index finger | extensor indicis |
muscle that flexes & adduct the wrist | extensor carpi ulnaris; flexor carpi radialis |
tea drinker's muscle; extends the little finger; muscles that flexes the little finger | extensor digiti minimi |
muscle that performs abduction of the wrist | flexor carpi radialis |
muscles that moves the thumb ino opposition | opponens pollicis |
muscle that extends the wrist | extensor carpi ulnaris |
tailors muscle | sartoris |
hamstring that attaches to the fibular head | Biceps femoris |
Quadriceps femoris muscle that crosses two joints | Rectus femoris |
muscle that initiates walking | Iliopsoas |
Largest outward rotator of the hip | Piriformis |
Strongest extender of the hip | Gluteus maximus |
Hamstring extender of the hip | Semitendinosus |
Adductor that forms the letter V wih the femoral shaft | Gracilis |
Mini-Gastrocnemius; missing in about 10% of cadavers | Plantaris |
Muscle that dorsiflexes the ankle and everts the foot | Peroneus longus |
Muscle called the key that unlock the knee | Popliteus |
Muscle of plantar flexion that attaches below the knee joint | Soleus |
Toe dancer's muscle | Gastrocnemius |
Adductor muscle that attaches to the linea aspera and the adductor tubercle | Adductor Magnus |
Muscle for blowing | Buccinator |
Winking muscle | Orbicularis Oculi |
Muscle of mastication attaching to the coronoid process of the mandible | Temporalis |
Muscle of mastication that attaches to the temporomandibular joint capsule | Lateral pterygoid |
Muscle that lifts the corners of the mouth into a smile | Zygomaticus Major/Minor |
Muscles tat is called the pouting muscles | Platysma |
Muscle tht lies across the fontal bone and contributes to tension headaches | Frontalis |
Muscle that ataches to the dura mater | Rectus capitis posterior minor |
Kissing muscle | Orbicularis oris |
Hip hiker's muscle; elevates th hip | Quadratus lumborum |
Deepest ransversospinalis muscle | Rotatores |
Medial erector spinae muscle | Spinalis |
Abdominal muscle w/ oblique fiber arrangemen | External obliques |
Main muscle of respiration | Diaphragm |
Most lateral erector spinae muscle | Iliocoatalis |
Abdominal muscle that attaches the the xiphoid process and the ribs | Rectus abdominis |
Part of the transversospinalis named for the muscle many attachments | Multifidus |
Muscle that depresses the rib cage during exhalation | Internal intercostals |
Intermediate tract of the erector spinae group that attaches to the occipital bone | Longissimus |
division of the autonomic nervous system tht creates the alarm reaction; also known as thoracolumbar outflow | Sympathetic nervous system |
contains the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges | Central nervous system |
Nerve cell classified as connective tissue that supports; nourishes; protects; insulates; and orgnizes the neurons | Neuroglia |
A group of impulse carrying fibers | Nerve |
Extensions of a nerve cell that receives and transmits stimuli toward the cell body | Dendrite |
Contains the cranial and spinl nerves | Periperal nervous system |
An impulse conducting cell possessing the properities of excitability and conductibility | Nodes of Ranvier |
Cell extension transmitting impulses away from the cell body | Axon |
Junction between two neurons | Synapse |
Chemicals that facilitate, arouse, or inhibit the transmission of nerve impulses | Neurotransmitter |
Divions of the autonomic nervous system that is involved w/ relaxation response; also known as craniosacral outflow | Parasympathetic nervous system |
Division of th PNS that is involuntary, supplying the smooth muscles, heart muscle, skin, special senses, some proprioceptors, organs, and glands | Autonomic Nervous system |
Fat and protein insulating substance around some axon to assist conduction | Myelin |
An instantaneous, involuntary response to a stimulus | Reflex |
Interruptions in the myelin along an axon that increase neural condustion rate | Neuron |
Special connective tissue membranes covering the brain and spinal cord | Meninges |
Part of the brain that governs muscle tone, coordination, balance, ine and gross motor movements | Cerebellum |
When the stimulus generates a nerve impulse, the impulse is conducted long the entire neuron at maximum capicity | All or none response |
A cluster of nerve cell bodies located on the PNS, typically next to the spinal cord | Ganglion |
Tendon reflex receptios that respond by inhibiting muscle contractions | Golgi tendon organs |
Part of the brain stem containing the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers | Medulla Oblongata |
The measurement of electical difference between the inside and outside of the neural cell membrane | Action potential |
A network of intersecting nerves in the PNS | Plexus |
An area of th skin that a specific sensory nerve root serves | Dermatome |
Clear fluid circulating around the brain and spinal cord | Cerebrospinal Fluid |
Receptors for detecting pain | Nociceptors |
The brain wave state that represents a person who is awake but relaxed | Alpha |
Stretch reflex receptors that respond by contracting the muscle | Muscle spindles |
A decrease in sensitivity o a prolonged stimulus | Adaptation |
General term for receptors responding to changes in muscle length and tension, and body position | Proprioceptors |
Prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, master gland | Pituitary (anterior lobe) |
Aldosterone, cortisol | Adrenal cortex |
Insulin, Glucagon | Pancreas |
Thyroxin & triidothyronine, Calcitonin | Thyroid gland |
Estrogen & progesterone, | Ovaries |
Parathyroid hormone | Parathyroid glands |
Oxytocin, contains neurosecretory cells in pituitary, master gland | Pituitary (posterior gland) |
Epinephrine & norepinephrine | Adrenal Medulla |
Regulates endocrine functions of the adrenal cortex | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
Involved in uterine contractions; stimulates milk ecpression | Oxytocin |
Decreases urine output | Antidiuretic hormone |
Decreases blood glucose levels | Insulin |
Stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk | Prolactin |
Stimulates ovulation | Luteinizing hormone |
Stimulates protein synthesis for muscle/bone growth | Human growth hormone |
Stimulate secretion and production of thyroid hormones | Human growth hormone |
Stimulates the distribution of melanin granules in the skin | Melanocyte stimulating hormone |
Increases blood glucose levels | Glucagon |
Influences mental, physical, and metabolic activities | Thyroxine |
Local decrease in blood flow | Ischemia |
Straw-colored liquid that helps transport blood cells from invading bacteria; life span a few hours to a few days | Leukocytes (WBC's) |
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each ventricular contraction | Stroke volume |
Blood cells involved in blood clotting; life span 5 to 9 days | Platelets (thrombocytes) |
Superior heart chamber | Atrium |
Enlargement of the vascular lumen | Vasodilation |
Universal blood recipent | Type AB |
Genetically determined protiens on the surface of RBC'S | Agglutinogens |
Superficial artery in the throat region | Carotid |
These blood cells serve as part of the body's immune system | Plasma |
Most numerous blood cells and possesses hemoglobin; transports oxygen & carbon dioxide in the blood; life span 100 to 120 days | Erthrocytes (RBC's) |
An iron based protein that is the red respiratory pigment in RBC's | Hemoglobin |
Thick walled inferior heart chamber | Ventricle |
Vessels that drain the tissues, returning the deoxygenated blood back to the heart | Veins |
Increased local blood flow | Hyperemia |
Vessels that move blood away from the heart | Arteries |
Universal blood donor | Type O |
Pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls during contraction of the left ventricle | Blood pressure |
Generative lymphatic structure that produces precursors of all lymphocytes | Bone marrow |
Lymphatic duct that drains the right arm, right side of the head, and right half of thorax, dumping lymph into the right subclavian vein | Right lymphatic duct |
Groups of specialized lymph tissues embedded in mucus membranes around the throat | Tonsils |
Thymus derived cells that respond quickly to pathogens, types include helper cells, cytotoxic cells, and memory cells | T cells |
Largest lymphatic organ; lies w/in the lateral rib cage just posterior to the stomach | Spleen |
a protective mechanism that stabilizes and prepares the damaged tissue for repair; symptoms are local heat, swelling, redness, pain, and decreased function | Inflammation |
Type of immunity that is a nonspecific response to invading pathogens | Natural immunity |
Lymphoid cells in the mucosa or submucosa of the alimentary canal | Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue |
Filtering stations for lymph | Lymph nodes |
Immunological response that is diverse but specific and involves lymphocytes | Acquired immunity |
Lymphatic structure located inferior to the cecum | Vermiform appendix |
Fluid of the lymphatic system | Lymph |
Bone marrow derived cells secreting antibodies that destroy antigens | B cells |
Lymphatic duct that drains the majority of the body and dumps lymph into the left subclavian vein | Thoracic duct |
Lymphatic sac located between the abdominal aorta and L2; inferior portion of the thoracic duct | Cisterna chyli |
Generative lymphatic organ receiving immature b-cells, maturing them into t cells | Thymus |
Surrounding and protecting the heart | epicardium |
the thick cardiac muscle layer that makes up the bulk of the heart wall; contraction forces blood out of the ventricles | myocardium |
thin, inner lining of the heart | endocardium |
receives blood from all parts of the body except the lungs | right atrium |
receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood through the pulmonary trunk and into the right and left pulmonary arteries | Right ventricle |
the oxygen rich blood from the pulmonary veins enters here | left atrium |
thickest heart wall b/c it pumps blood into the aorta and then thru miles of blood vessels thru-out the body | Left ventricle |
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each contraction | stroke volume |
separate the atria from the ventricles; produce the lubb sound of the heart when they close | Atrioventricular valves |
right av valve that posesses 3 flaps or cusps | tricuspid |
the left av valve that possesses 2 flaps or cusps | bicuspid valve (mitral valve) |
located between both ventricles and their adjacent arteries consists of 3 half moon shaped cusps; produces the dupp sound when it close | semilunar valves |
When the diameter of the vascular lumen enlarges | vasodilation |
When the diameter of the vascular lumes gets narrow | vasoconstriction |
nose > Nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli > lung | the way air is conducted thru the pathway of structures |
Process of drawing air into the lungs; occurs when the diaphram contracts and descends into the adbominal cavity (forced) req's addtl help from the scm, scalenes, and pec minor | Inspiration/inhalation |
tiny sacs attached to the distal ends of th bronchioles | Alveoli |
Referred to as the guardian of the airways b/c it closes the trachea during swallowing | Epiglottis |
paired organs of respiration | Lungs |
throat or muscular tube shared by the respiratory and digestive systems | Pharynx |
Process responsible for expelling air from the lungs back to the atmosphere | expiration |
Hair like projections on the outer surfaces on certain cells | Cilia |
Right and left air conduction passageways leading to each lung; total air amount that can be forcibly inspired and expired from the lungs in one breath | Vital capacity |
Gas exchange in the lungs between blood and the external environment | External respiration |
Phospholipids that assist in the exchange of gas in the alveoli by reducing surface tension and contributing to lung elasticity | Surfactants |
Voice box that houses the 2 sets of vocal cords | Larynx |
Windpipe; a tube from the larynx to the upper chest | Trachea |
Gas excange between blood and body tissues | Internal respiration |
The basic filering unit of the kidney | Nephron |
A small tubular structure that transports urine from the unionary bladder out of the body during urination | Urethra |
Hormone promoting the retention of sodium, which stimulates the reabsorption of more water back into the blood plasma | Antidiuretic hormone |
Two slender hollow tubes transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder | Ureters |
Concentrated filtrate from the kidneys that is 96% water and 4% dissolved wastes | Urine |
Inner region of the kidney called the urine collecting facility | Renal medulla |
Bean shaped pair of organs; the major homeostatic organs of the body; located bilaterally in the upper lumbar region of the spine behind the abdominal peritoneum | Kidneys |
Mechanism monitoring blood pressure consisting of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells | Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
Indentation in the medial concave region of the kidney where arteries, veins, and the ureters enter and exit | Renal hilus |
Word meaning urination | Micturition |
Hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water | Aldosterone |
Bundles of renal tubules in the medulla | Medullary pyramids |
Musclar organ providing a temporary storage reservoir for urine | Urinary bladder |
Outer region of the kidney called the urine mfg facility | Renal cortex |
Loops of minute blood vessels in the glomerular capsule | Glomeruli |
word meaning behind the abdominal peritoneum | Retroperitoneal |
transferring heat energy through circulating currents of liquid or gas | Convection |
A place where water therapies are administered | Spa |
Application of ice combined w/ circular friction | Ice massage |
The exchange of thermal energy while the body's surface is in direct contact w/ the thermal agent | Conduction |
The application of a cold pack followed by full range of motion of the affected area | Cryokinetics |
Hot air bath w/ temps ranging from 170 to 210 degrees F in 10% to 20% humidity | Sauna bath |
full or partial immersion w/ the client sitting in a vessel such as whirlpool, spa or hot tub, or a hubbard tank | Immersion bath |
Hot vapor bath where the temp is maintained at 105 to 120 degres F at 100% humidity | Steam bath |
A bath technique where water is sprayed in fine streams from a showerhead under low to medium pressure | Shower |
A shower w/ water spraying from overhead w/ side-positioned needlelike valves at varying heights | Swiss shower |
A high pressure stream of cold water applied to a standing client w/ the therapist standing at a specific distance | Blitz gus |
A deep water pool plunge w/ water temp maintained at a chilly 50 to 60 degrees F | Cold plunge |
A high pressure stream of alt. hot and cold water applied to a standing client w/ a therapist standing at a specific distance | Scotch hose |
A shower w/ water spraying from multi overhead mounted showerheads while the client lies on a table; the needlelike streams alt. w/ hot and cold water | Vicky shower |
trigger points that do not hurt all the time; they are activated by some stressor such as physical activity, emotional stress, or direct pressure on the muscle | Latent trigger points |
Sustained digital pressure applied to trigger points to relieve pain and discomfort; referred to as trigger point work | Ischemic compression |
Another term for deep tranverse friction | Cross fiber friction |
The tendency of trigger points to produce sensations of pain distal from that of the trigger point | Referred pain phenomena |
A reflexive impulse that causes the affected muscle or an adjacent muscle to fire spontaneously | Local twitch response |
An injury of sudden onset | Acute |
Areas that are noticeably painful even when no external physical stimulation is present; they refer pain in specific patterns | Active trigger points |
A spontaneous reaction of pain or discomfort that may cause a client to wince or verbalize on application of pressure | Jump sign |
An injury that is long standing; the original cause may not be known | Chronic |
Any noticeable or measurab;e deviation from the normal composition of healthy tissue | Lesion |
A group of manual techiniques used to reduce fascial restrictions; techniques include deep gliding, pin and glide, torquing, and skin rolling | Myofacial release |
Hypersensitive areas found in muscles, fascia, tendons, ligaments, skin. periosteum, and even organs | Trigger points |