Exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What are the 3 major divisons of a cell? | Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Nucleus
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| What is cytoplasm | THe contents of the cell that surround the nucleus
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| What are organelles and what is their purpose | they perform energy requiring activities of the cell They are surrounded by cytoplasm
ie. mitochondria, er
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| What are the functions of the Cell Membrane | 1. Control massafe of material in and out of cell 2. Control Cell interactions 3. Maintain Chemical differences inside and outside of cell
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| What is the cell membrane composed of? | Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates
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| Lipids | Phospholipid and cholesterol 35% of weight of membrane
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| Proteins | Larger than lipids. 1:50 ratio with lipids
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| What are integral membrane proteins (span membrane) | initially -ion pumps
chelsea-Channels
raced-receptors- bind to messengers
trevor-transducers
every-enzymes
scenario-structural -break down left behind messengers
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| Carbohydrates | attach to outer surface as Glycocalyx
function in cell adhesion or as receptor sites
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| Glycocalyx | a carbohydrate. form a layer of glycoprotein
-important i cell recognition
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| Structure of Cell Membrane -also a hand written card- | lipid bilayer
-2 fatty acid chains = 2 phosphate group bound glycerol heads
*phosphate loves water*
*tails hate water*
-selectively permeable membrane-
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| Nucleus | Large Spherical structure that contains genetic material-directs all celular activity
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| Nuclear Envelope | double layered phospholipid membrane with intervening perinuclear space
-studded with ribosomes
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| Perinuclear Space | space in between bilayers. continuous with cisternae of rough ER
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| Nuclear Pores | openings in envelope
channesl with selective transport mechanisms
inner and outer nuclear membranes -continuos at the rim of the pore
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| Nuclear Lamina | structural element
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| nucleoplasm | material enclosed by nuclear envelope
active in protein synthesis
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| nucleolus | little nucleus
site of rRNA synthesis
some cells have 2
-help produce ribosomes
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| protoplasm | cytoplasm=nucleoplasm
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| Endoplasmic reticulum | composed of membrane limited flattened sacs=cisternae
synthesis in certain molecules
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | also called granular
make protein from mRNA
ribosomes attached
synthesizes lysosomal and secretory proteins
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | agranular
functions:
lipid synthesis
detoxificationof drugs and alcohol
glycogen metabolism; as enzyme that breaks down glycogen and glucose
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| Ribosomes | sythesize secretory proteins
read coded genetic info in mRNA and use that to make proteins
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| where are ribosomes located | attached to rER
free in cytoplasm
cell membrane
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| Golgi apparatus | membranes continuous with ER and nuclear envelope
functions in ,odification and packaging of proteins and forms lysosomes
directs traffic through cell
--intracelular sequence of protein synthesis
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| parts of golgi aparatus | 1. forming face (CIS)
2. maturing face (trans, outer, concave)
3.Transport vesicles: to cell membrane or organelles
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| Mitochondria | ENERGYY
serves as a reservoir for calcium ions
contains enzyme system that generates ATP
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| Lysosomes | Clean up crew!
Phagocytosis: cell eating
Pinocytosis cell drinking
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| Primary Lysosome | unchanged from origin at golgi apparatus
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| Phagosome | contains particulate matter brought into cell via endocytosis
autophagasome: contains worn out cell parts or metabolic products
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| overall intracellular sequence of protein synthesis 3 scenarios | free
proteins become incorperated i cell surface
ie channel receptors
proteins released outside of cell
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| Microphages | large role in cell division
form mitotic spindle
tubulin dimers
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| microfilaments | threadlike fibers
actin filaments
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| centrioles | similar to microtubules
always in pairs
mitotic spindle fibers
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| types of cell populations | static-braincell
stable-liver cell, red blood cell
renewing-skin
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| Interphase | G0 phase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
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| G0 phase | cells that dont intens to divide spend interphase here, includes normal life activities
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| G1 phase | growth; making enough cytoskeleton, organelles, cytosol etc for 2 cells
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| S phase | chromosomal (DNA) replication
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| G2 phase | last minute protein synthesis
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| Mitosis | division of the cell nucleus
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| Prophase | DNA is tightly wound.
DNA and proteins condense from chromatin.
joined by a centriole
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| Metaphase | chromosomes line up between centrioles, attached by spindle fibers
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| Anaphase | Chromatids separate by spindle shortening
now called daughter chromosomes
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| Telophase | chromatids draw near centrioles
elongate
nuclear envelope begins to form
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| Cytokenesis | cellular division begins during anaphase by constructing a ring of microfilaments
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| Movements into and out of cell use... | passive or active processes
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| Passive | require mo cellular energy
simple diffusion
faciltated diffusion
osmosis
filtration
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| active | require cellular energy
active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
transcytosis
# of molecules does not matter
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| simple diffusion | high concentration to low concentration
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| facilitated diffusion | diffusion across membrane with help of channel of carrier molecule
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| Osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane..high to low concentration
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| Osmotic Pressure | ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
-increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solute increase
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| hypertonic | higher osmotic pressure
-cell has weird shape
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| hypotonic | lower osmotic pressure
-water moves into cell so cell explodes
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| isotonic | same osmotic pressiure
-hold shape
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| filtration | smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes
hydrostatic pressure important n the body
molecules leaving blood capilaries
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| active transport | carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration
sugars amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions etc
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| endocytosis | cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around substance
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| 3 types of endocytosis | pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
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| pinocytosis |
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| Primary Lysosome | unchanged from origin at golgi apparatus
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| Phagosome | contains particulate matter brought into cell via endocytosis
autophagasome: contains worn out cell parts or metabolic products
🗑
|
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| overall intracellular sequence of protein synthesis 3 scenarios | free
proteins become incorperated i cell surface
ie channel receptors
proteins released outside of cell
🗑
|
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| Microphages | large role in cell division
form mitotic spindle
tubulin dimers
🗑
|
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| microfilaments | threadlike fibers
actin filaments
🗑
|
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| centrioles | similar to microtubules
always in pairs
mitotic spindle fibers
🗑
|
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| types of cell populations | static-braincell
stable-liver cell, red blood cell
renewing-skin
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| Interphase | G0 phase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
🗑
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| G0 phase | cells that dont intens to divide spend interphase here, includes normal life activities
🗑
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| G1 phase | growth; making enough cytoskeleton, organelles, cytosol etc for 2 cells
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| S phase | chromosomal (DNA) replication
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| G2 phase | last minute protein synthesis
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| Mitosis | division of the cell nucleus
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| Prophase | DNA is tightly wound.
DNA and proteins condense from chromatin.
joined by a centriole
🗑
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| Metaphase | chromosomes line up between centrioles, attached by spindle fibers
🗑
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| Anaphase | Chromatids separate by spindle shortening
now called daughter chromosomes
🗑
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| Telophase | chromatids draw near centrioles
elongate
nuclear envelope begins to form
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|
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| Cytokenesis | cellular division begins during anaphase by constructing a ring of microfilaments
🗑
|
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| Movements into and out of cell use... | passive or active processes
🗑
|
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| Passive | require mo cellular energy
simple diffusion
faciltated diffusion
osmosis
filtration
🗑
|
||||
| active | require cellular energy
active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
transcytosis
# of molecules does not matter
🗑
|
||||
| simple diffusion | high concentration to low concentration
🗑
|
||||
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion across membrane with help of channel of carrier molecule
🗑
|
||||
| Osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane..high to low concentration
🗑
|
||||
| Osmotic Pressure | ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
-increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solute increase
🗑
|
||||
| hypertonic | higher osmotic pressure
-cell has weird shape
🗑
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| hypotonic | lower osmotic pressure
-water moves into cell so cell explodes
🗑
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| isotonic | same osmotic pressiure
-hold shape
🗑
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| filtration | smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes
hydrostatic pressure important n the body
molecules leaving blood capilaries
🗑
|
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| active transport | carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration
sugars amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions etc
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| endocytosis | cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around substance
virus, bacteria sugar etc
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| 3 types of endocytosis | pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
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| pinocytosis | substance is mostly water
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| phagocytosis | substance is solid
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| receptor-mediated endocytosis | requires the substance to bind to a membrane-bound receptor
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| exocytosis | reverse of endo
contents fuse wiht cell membrane
contents is released outside the cell
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| transocytosis | trans-move..goes throughout
transports substance rapidly though cell
HIV crossing a cell layer
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