| Question | Answer |
| What are the 3 major divisons of a cell? | Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Nucleus |
| What is cytoplasm | THe contents of the cell that surround the nucleus |
| What are organelles and what is their purpose | they perform energy requiring activities of the cell They are surrounded by cytoplasm
ie. mitochondria, er |
| What are the functions of the Cell Membrane | 1. Control massafe of material in and out of cell 2. Control Cell interactions 3. Maintain Chemical differences inside and outside of cell |
| What is the cell membrane composed of? | Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates |
| Lipids | Phospholipid and cholesterol 35% of weight of membrane |
| Proteins | Larger than lipids. 1:50 ratio with lipids |
| What are integral membrane proteins (span membrane) | initially -ion pumps
chelsea-Channels
raced-receptors- bind to messengers
trevor-transducers
every-enzymes
scenario-structural -break down left behind messengers |
| Carbohydrates | attach to outer surface as Glycocalyx
function in cell adhesion or as receptor sites |
| Glycocalyx | a carbohydrate. form a layer of glycoprotein
-important i cell recognition |
| Structure of Cell Membrane
-also a hand written card- | lipid bilayer
-2 fatty acid chains = 2 phosphate group bound glycerol heads
*phosphate loves water*
*tails hate water*
-selectively permeable membrane- |
| Nucleus | Large Spherical structure that contains genetic material-directs all celular activity |
| Nuclear Envelope | double layered phospholipid membrane with intervening perinuclear space
-studded with ribosomes |
| Perinuclear Space | space in between bilayers. continuous with cisternae of rough ER |
| Nuclear Pores | openings in envelope
channesl with selective transport mechanisms
inner and outer nuclear membranes -continuos at the rim of the pore |
| Nuclear Lamina | structural element |
| nucleoplasm | material enclosed by nuclear envelope
active in protein synthesis |
| nucleolus | little nucleus
site of rRNA synthesis
some cells have 2
-help produce ribosomes |
| protoplasm | cytoplasm=nucleoplasm |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | composed of membrane limited flattened sacs=cisternae
synthesis in certain molecules |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | also called granular
make protein from mRNA
ribosomes attached
synthesizes lysosomal and secretory proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | agranular
functions:
lipid synthesis
detoxificationof drugs and alcohol
glycogen metabolism; as enzyme that breaks down glycogen and glucose |
| Ribosomes | sythesize secretory proteins
read coded genetic info in mRNA and use that to make proteins |
| where are ribosomes located | attached to rER
free in cytoplasm
cell membrane |
| Golgi apparatus | membranes continuous with ER and nuclear envelope
functions in ,odification and packaging of proteins and forms lysosomes
directs traffic through cell
--intracelular sequence of protein synthesis |
| parts of golgi aparatus | 1. forming face (CIS)
2. maturing face (trans, outer, concave)
3.Transport vesicles: to cell membrane or organelles |
| Mitochondria | ENERGYY
serves as a reservoir for calcium ions
contains enzyme system that generates ATP |
| Lysosomes | Clean up crew!
Phagocytosis: cell eating
Pinocytosis cell drinking |
| Primary Lysosome | unchanged from origin at golgi apparatus |
| Phagosome | contains particulate matter brought into cell via endocytosis
autophagasome: contains worn out cell parts or metabolic products |
| overall intracellular sequence of protein synthesis
3 scenarios | free
proteins become incorperated i cell surface
ie channel receptors
proteins released outside of cell |
| Microphages | large role in cell division
form mitotic spindle
tubulin dimers |
| microfilaments | threadlike fibers
actin filaments |
| centrioles | similar to microtubules
always in pairs
mitotic spindle fibers |
| types of cell populations | static-braincell
stable-liver cell, red blood cell
renewing-skin |
| Interphase | G0 phase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase |
| G0 phase | cells that dont intens to divide spend interphase here, includes normal life activities |
| G1 phase | growth; making enough cytoskeleton, organelles, cytosol etc for 2 cells |
| S phase | chromosomal (DNA) replication |
| G2 phase | last minute protein synthesis |
| Mitosis | division of the cell nucleus |
| Prophase | DNA is tightly wound.
DNA and proteins condense from chromatin.
joined by a centriole |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up between centrioles, attached by spindle fibers |
| Anaphase | Chromatids separate by spindle shortening
now called daughter chromosomes |
| Telophase | chromatids draw near centrioles
elongate
nuclear envelope begins to form |
| Cytokenesis | cellular division begins during anaphase by constructing a ring of microfilaments |
| Movements into and out of cell use... | passive or active processes |
| Passive | require mo cellular energy
simple diffusion
faciltated diffusion
osmosis
filtration |
| active | require cellular energy
active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
transcytosis
# of molecules does not matter |
| simple diffusion | high concentration to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion across membrane with help of channel of carrier molecule |
| Osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane..high to low concentration |
| Osmotic Pressure | ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
-increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solute increase |
| hypertonic | higher osmotic pressure
-cell has weird shape |
| hypotonic | lower osmotic pressure
-water moves into cell so cell explodes |
| isotonic | same osmotic pressiure
-hold shape |
| filtration | smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes
hydrostatic pressure important n the body
molecules leaving blood capilaries |
| active transport | carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration
sugars amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions etc |
| endocytosis | cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around substance |
| 3 types of endocytosis | pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| pinocytosis | |
| Primary Lysosome | unchanged from origin at golgi apparatus |
| Phagosome | contains particulate matter brought into cell via endocytosis
autophagasome: contains worn out cell parts or metabolic products |
| overall intracellular sequence of protein synthesis
3 scenarios | free
proteins become incorperated i cell surface
ie channel receptors
proteins released outside of cell |
| Microphages | large role in cell division
form mitotic spindle
tubulin dimers |
| microfilaments | threadlike fibers
actin filaments |
| centrioles | similar to microtubules
always in pairs
mitotic spindle fibers |
| types of cell populations | static-braincell
stable-liver cell, red blood cell
renewing-skin |
| Interphase | G0 phase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase |
| G0 phase | cells that dont intens to divide spend interphase here, includes normal life activities |
| G1 phase | growth; making enough cytoskeleton, organelles, cytosol etc for 2 cells |
| S phase | chromosomal (DNA) replication |
| G2 phase | last minute protein synthesis |
| Mitosis | division of the cell nucleus |
| Prophase | DNA is tightly wound.
DNA and proteins condense from chromatin.
joined by a centriole |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up between centrioles, attached by spindle fibers |
| Anaphase | Chromatids separate by spindle shortening
now called daughter chromosomes |
| Telophase | chromatids draw near centrioles
elongate
nuclear envelope begins to form |
| Cytokenesis | cellular division begins during anaphase by constructing a ring of microfilaments |
| Movements into and out of cell use... | passive or active processes |
| Passive | require mo cellular energy
simple diffusion
faciltated diffusion
osmosis
filtration |
| active | require cellular energy
active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
transcytosis
# of molecules does not matter |
| simple diffusion | high concentration to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion across membrane with help of channel of carrier molecule |
| Osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane..high to low concentration |
| Osmotic Pressure | ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
-increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solute increase |
| hypertonic | higher osmotic pressure
-cell has weird shape |
| hypotonic | lower osmotic pressure
-water moves into cell so cell explodes |
| isotonic | same osmotic pressiure
-hold shape |
| filtration | smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes
hydrostatic pressure important n the body
molecules leaving blood capilaries |
| active transport | carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration
sugars amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions etc |
| endocytosis | cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around substance
virus, bacteria sugar etc |
| 3 types of endocytosis | pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| pinocytosis | substance is mostly water |
| phagocytosis | substance is solid |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | requires the substance to bind to a membrane-bound receptor |
| exocytosis | reverse of endo
contents fuse wiht cell membrane
contents is released outside the cell |
| transocytosis | trans-move..goes throughout
transports substance rapidly though cell
HIV crossing a cell layer |
