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Cells - ANA 109
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 major divisons of a cell? | Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Nucleus |
| What is cytoplasm | THe contents of the cell that surround the nucleus |
| What are organelles and what is their purpose | they perform energy requiring activities of the cell They are surrounded by cytoplasm ie. mitochondria, er |
| What are the functions of the Cell Membrane | 1. Control massafe of material in and out of cell 2. Control Cell interactions 3. Maintain Chemical differences inside and outside of cell |
| What is the cell membrane composed of? | Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates |
| Lipids | Phospholipid and cholesterol 35% of weight of membrane |
| Proteins | Larger than lipids. 1:50 ratio with lipids |
| What are integral membrane proteins (span membrane) | initially -ion pumps chelsea-Channels raced-receptors- bind to messengers trevor-transducers every-enzymes scenario-structural -break down left behind messengers |
| Carbohydrates | attach to outer surface as Glycocalyx function in cell adhesion or as receptor sites |
| Glycocalyx | a carbohydrate. form a layer of glycoprotein -important i cell recognition |
| Structure of Cell Membrane -also a hand written card- | lipid bilayer -2 fatty acid chains = 2 phosphate group bound glycerol heads *phosphate loves water* *tails hate water* -selectively permeable membrane- |
| Nucleus | Large Spherical structure that contains genetic material-directs all celular activity |
| Nuclear Envelope | double layered phospholipid membrane with intervening perinuclear space -studded with ribosomes |
| Perinuclear Space | space in between bilayers. continuous with cisternae of rough ER |
| Nuclear Pores | openings in envelope channesl with selective transport mechanisms inner and outer nuclear membranes -continuos at the rim of the pore |
| Nuclear Lamina | structural element |
| nucleoplasm | material enclosed by nuclear envelope active in protein synthesis |
| nucleolus | little nucleus site of rRNA synthesis some cells have 2 -help produce ribosomes |
| protoplasm | cytoplasm=nucleoplasm |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | composed of membrane limited flattened sacs=cisternae synthesis in certain molecules |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | also called granular make protein from mRNA ribosomes attached synthesizes lysosomal and secretory proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | agranular functions: lipid synthesis detoxificationof drugs and alcohol glycogen metabolism; as enzyme that breaks down glycogen and glucose |
| Ribosomes | sythesize secretory proteins read coded genetic info in mRNA and use that to make proteins |
| where are ribosomes located | attached to rER free in cytoplasm cell membrane |
| Golgi apparatus | membranes continuous with ER and nuclear envelope functions in ,odification and packaging of proteins and forms lysosomes directs traffic through cell --intracelular sequence of protein synthesis |
| parts of golgi aparatus | 1. forming face (CIS) 2. maturing face (trans, outer, concave) 3.Transport vesicles: to cell membrane or organelles |
| Mitochondria | ENERGYY serves as a reservoir for calcium ions contains enzyme system that generates ATP |
| Lysosomes | Clean up crew! Phagocytosis: cell eating Pinocytosis cell drinking |
| Primary Lysosome | unchanged from origin at golgi apparatus |
| Phagosome | contains particulate matter brought into cell via endocytosis autophagasome: contains worn out cell parts or metabolic products |
| overall intracellular sequence of protein synthesis 3 scenarios | free proteins become incorperated i cell surface ie channel receptors proteins released outside of cell |
| Microphages | large role in cell division form mitotic spindle tubulin dimers |
| microfilaments | threadlike fibers actin filaments |
| centrioles | similar to microtubules always in pairs mitotic spindle fibers |
| types of cell populations | static-braincell stable-liver cell, red blood cell renewing-skin |
| Interphase | G0 phase G1 phase S phase G2 phase |
| G0 phase | cells that dont intens to divide spend interphase here, includes normal life activities |
| G1 phase | growth; making enough cytoskeleton, organelles, cytosol etc for 2 cells |
| S phase | chromosomal (DNA) replication |
| G2 phase | last minute protein synthesis |
| Mitosis | division of the cell nucleus |
| Prophase | DNA is tightly wound. DNA and proteins condense from chromatin. joined by a centriole |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up between centrioles, attached by spindle fibers |
| Anaphase | Chromatids separate by spindle shortening now called daughter chromosomes |
| Telophase | chromatids draw near centrioles elongate nuclear envelope begins to form |
| Cytokenesis | cellular division begins during anaphase by constructing a ring of microfilaments |
| Movements into and out of cell use... | passive or active processes |
| Passive | require mo cellular energy simple diffusion faciltated diffusion osmosis filtration |
| active | require cellular energy active transport endocytosis exocytosis transcytosis # of molecules does not matter |
| simple diffusion | high concentration to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion across membrane with help of channel of carrier molecule |
| Osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane..high to low concentration |
| Osmotic Pressure | ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water -increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solute increase |
| hypertonic | higher osmotic pressure -cell has weird shape |
| hypotonic | lower osmotic pressure -water moves into cell so cell explodes |
| isotonic | same osmotic pressiure -hold shape |
| filtration | smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes hydrostatic pressure important n the body molecules leaving blood capilaries |
| active transport | carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration sugars amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions etc |
| endocytosis | cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around substance |
| 3 types of endocytosis | pinocytosis phagocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| pinocytosis | |
| Primary Lysosome | unchanged from origin at golgi apparatus |
| Phagosome | contains particulate matter brought into cell via endocytosis autophagasome: contains worn out cell parts or metabolic products |
| overall intracellular sequence of protein synthesis 3 scenarios | free proteins become incorperated i cell surface ie channel receptors proteins released outside of cell |
| Microphages | large role in cell division form mitotic spindle tubulin dimers |
| microfilaments | threadlike fibers actin filaments |
| centrioles | similar to microtubules always in pairs mitotic spindle fibers |
| types of cell populations | static-braincell stable-liver cell, red blood cell renewing-skin |
| Interphase | G0 phase G1 phase S phase G2 phase |
| G0 phase | cells that dont intens to divide spend interphase here, includes normal life activities |
| G1 phase | growth; making enough cytoskeleton, organelles, cytosol etc for 2 cells |
| S phase | chromosomal (DNA) replication |
| G2 phase | last minute protein synthesis |
| Mitosis | division of the cell nucleus |
| Prophase | DNA is tightly wound. DNA and proteins condense from chromatin. joined by a centriole |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up between centrioles, attached by spindle fibers |
| Anaphase | Chromatids separate by spindle shortening now called daughter chromosomes |
| Telophase | chromatids draw near centrioles elongate nuclear envelope begins to form |
| Cytokenesis | cellular division begins during anaphase by constructing a ring of microfilaments |
| Movements into and out of cell use... | passive or active processes |
| Passive | require mo cellular energy simple diffusion faciltated diffusion osmosis filtration |
| active | require cellular energy active transport endocytosis exocytosis transcytosis # of molecules does not matter |
| simple diffusion | high concentration to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion across membrane with help of channel of carrier molecule |
| Osmosis | movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane..high to low concentration |
| Osmotic Pressure | ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water -increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solute increase |
| hypertonic | higher osmotic pressure -cell has weird shape |
| hypotonic | lower osmotic pressure -water moves into cell so cell explodes |
| isotonic | same osmotic pressiure -hold shape |
| filtration | smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes hydrostatic pressure important n the body molecules leaving blood capilaries |
| active transport | carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration sugars amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions etc |
| endocytosis | cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around substance virus, bacteria sugar etc |
| 3 types of endocytosis | pinocytosis phagocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| pinocytosis | substance is mostly water |
| phagocytosis | substance is solid |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | requires the substance to bind to a membrane-bound receptor |
| exocytosis | reverse of endo contents fuse wiht cell membrane contents is released outside the cell |
| transocytosis | trans-move..goes throughout transports substance rapidly though cell HIV crossing a cell layer |
Created by:
mahu224
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