Chapter 3 - Medical Terminology for Health Professions 9th E Schroeder
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| 5 functions of the Skeletal System | 1. Framework of the Body
2. Support & Protect internal organs
3. Joints work with Muscles/Tendons to facilitate movement
4. Store calcium, mineral needed for nerve/muscle function
5. Produce blood cells via bone marrow
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| Ossification | The process of cartilage turning into bone.
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| Osteoclast | A bone cell that breaks down old or damaged bone.
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| Osteoblast | A bone cell that helps rebuild bone cells.
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| 3 Major Anatomic Landmarks of Bones | Proximal Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Distal Epiphysis
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| Periosteum | The tough, fibrous outermost tissue covering a bone.
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| Compact Bone | AKA Cortical Bone, dense, hard, very strong bone. Over 75% of the body's bones by weight.
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| Spongy Bone | AKA Cancellous Bone, porous bone that is lighter and weaker than Compact Bone. Usually in the ends and inner parts of bones, holds bone marrow.
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| Medullary Cavity | The central cavity within the shaft of long bones, surrounded by compact bone. Red and yellow bone marrow are stored here.
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| Medullary | Pertaining to the Inner Section
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| Endosteum | The tissue that lines the medullary cavity, or the inner cavity.
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| Red Bone Marrow | Located in the Spongy Bone, is a blood-forming tissue that makes red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.
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| Hematopoietic | Pertaining to the formation of blood cells.
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| Yellow Bone Marrow | A fat-storage area within the bone. There is relatively less Yellow Blood Marrow in childhood, and relatively more Yellow Blood Marrow after Adolescence is complete.
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| Cartilage | Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue. Acts as a shock absorber. More elastic and comprises flexible areas such as outer ear.
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| Articular Cartilage | The layer of cartilage that covers surfaces of bones where they articulate (create joints) to make smooth joint movements.
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| Meniscus | The curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and TMJ.
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| Diaphasys | The shaft of a long bone
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| Epiphysis (plural Epiphyses) | Wider ends of long bones, which are further distinguished by location terminology: proximal and distal.
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| Foramen | The opening in a bone that allows for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments.
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| Foramen Magnum | The foramen in the skull / occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass through.
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| Process | A normal projection on the surface of a bone that commonly surves as an attachment point for a muscle or tendon.
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| Mastoid Process | A bony projection on the temporal bones just behind the ears, that connects to muscles of the jaw.
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| Joints | AKA articulations, locations where two or more bones come together that allow for movement.
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| Fibrous Joints | AKA sutures, joints made of dense connective tissue, holding bones tightly together that allow for little or no movement.
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| Fontanells | AKA Soft spots, are joints found on the skull of a newborn that allow flexibility as the infant passes through the birth canal, and throughout development will gradually harden into sutures.
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| Cartilaginous Joints | Joints that allow for only short or small movements, connected entirely by cartilage. This includes the connection from sternum to ribs, and the pubic symphysis.
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| Synovial Joints | Joints that allow a variety of motions, further distinguished by the form of movement allowed.
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| Ball-and-socket joints | Wide range of movement in many directions such as the hips and shoulders.
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| Hinge Joints | Allow for a large degree of movement primarily in one direction or plane, such as knees or elbows.
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| 3 Components of Synovial Joints | Synovial Capsule, Synovial Membrane, Synovial Fluid
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| Synovial Capsule | The outermost layer of strong and fibrous tissue that makes a sleeve around the joint.
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| Synovial Membrane | Lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
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| Synovial Fluid | Flows in the synovial cavity and acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint as possible.
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| Ligaments | Fibrous tissue bands that connect one bone to another, forming joints. Can also join bone and cartilage.
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| Bursa | A fibrous sac that is a cushion in joints that sits in spaces formed by bones and ligaments to ease movement.
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| Number of Bones in an Average Adult Human Skeleton | 206
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| Appendicular Skeleton | Responsible for body movement, the bones that can be divided into "Lower extremities" and "upper extremities". Includes the hips as well as the shoulder girdle. Usually 126 bones.
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| Axial Skeleton | Protects the major organs of the body. Contains about 80 bones that fit 5 areas: skull, ossicles, hyoid, ribcage, and vertebral column.
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| Appendicular | related to an appendage
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| Appendage | Anything attached to a major part of the body
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| Extremity | The terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg.
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| Bones of the Cranium | (8) : Frontal Bone, Parietal bones (2), Occipital Bone, Temporal bones (2), Sphenoid bone, Ethmoid Bone
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| Meatus | External opening of a canal
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| External Auditory meatus | The open end of the auditory canal, AKA, the outer ear. This canal is in the temporal bone on each side of the skull.
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| Sphenoid or Ethmoid | Both are the "more internal" bones of the cranium. Sphenoid touches all other cranial bones, forms the floor/sides of eye sockets. Ethmoid is a spongy bone, separating the nasal cavity from the brain. Touches Lacrimal bone.
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| Auditory Ossicles | The 3 "ear bones" malleus, incus, and stapes. Smallest bones in the body!
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| Facial bones | Nasal (2), Zygomatic (2), Maxillary (2) Palatine (2), Lacrimal (2), inferior conchae, (2), vomer, mandible.
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| Temporomandibular Joint | AKA TMJ, the joint where the jaw (mandible) attaches to the temporal bone.
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| Thoracic Cavity | AKA the rib cage. Made of the Ribs and the Shoulders, as well as the upper portion of the spinal column (Thoracic Vertebrae)
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| The kinds of Ribs (Costals) | True Ribs (7) - first seven pairs that connect to the sternum.
False Ribs (3) - three pairs that connect to the sternum via cartilage.
Floating Ribs - two pairs that do not attach to the sternum, only to vertebrae
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| The three parts of the Sternum (Breast Bone) | The Manubrium, the body of the sternum (gladiolus), The Xiphoid Process
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| Bones of the Shoulder / Pectoral Girdle | Clavicle, Scapula, Acromion
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| Bones of the Arm | Humerus, Radius (THUMB SIDE), Ulna (PINKY SIDE)
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| Olecranon | AKA Funny Bone. Large, proximal tip of the ulna, forming the point of the elbow.
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| Bones of the wrist, hand, and fingers | 8 Carpals (wrist), 5 Metacarpals, 14 Phalanges
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| Parts / Subdivisions of Spinal Column | Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5 Fused to 1), Coccyx (4 fused to 1)
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| Parts of the Vertebrae | The Body, The Lamina, and the Vertebral Foramen.
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| Coccyx | Tailbone, base of spine
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| 3 Bones of the Pelvis | Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis
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| Acetabulum | The "Hip Socket" - the circular cavity in the side of the pelvis.
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| Ilium | "Hip bones"
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| Ischium | "Sit Bones"
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| Pubis | "Crotch Bones"
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| Pubic Symphysis | The place where the two pubis bones join, the Anterior art of the pelvis.
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| Bones of the Legs and Knees | Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
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| Popliteal | said: pop-LIT-ee-al, the posterior space behind the knee where ligaments, vessels, and muscles of the joint are located.
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| Cruciate Ligaments | Ligaments of the knee that allow for knee movement. The ACL is the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
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| Chiropractor | A Doctor of Chiropractic specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
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| Orthopedic Surgeon | AKA Orthopedist, a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders with bones, joints, and muscles
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| Osteopath | A has a Doctor of Osteopathy. Osteopathy can ALSO mean any disease of a bone.
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| Podiatrist | Holds a Doctor of Podiatry or a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree. Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot.
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| Rheumatologist | A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that present with inflammation in the joints and connective tissues.
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| Ankylosis | Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury
, or surgical procedure
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| Adhesive Capsulitis | AKA Frozen Shoulder. Painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter.
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| Arthrosclerosis | Stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly.
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| Baker's Cyst | AKA Popliteal cyst. A fluid-filled syst behind the knee, named for William Baker.
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| Bursitis | Inflammation of the Bursa
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| Chrondromalacia | Softening of cartilage
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| Costochondrosis | Inflammation in the cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum
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| Hallux Valgus | AKA Bunion. The abnormal enlargement of the joint of the big toe
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| Hemarthrosis | Blood within a joint, usually due to joint injury.
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| Hemophilia | A blood-clotting disorder
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| Polymyalgia Rheumatica | AKA PMR. An inflammatory disorder that causes pain in the neck, shoulder, upper arms, hips, and thighs
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| Sprain | The injury to ligaments that connect bones in a joint when improperly torn or wrenched out of optimal position.
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| Synovitis | The inflammation of the synovial membrane.
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| Dislocation | AKA Luxation. The total displacement of a bone from its joint
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| Subluxation | The partial displacement of a bone from it's joint
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| Arthritis | An inflammatory condition of one ore more joints.
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| Osteoarthritis | AKA OA. AKA Wear-and-tear arthritis. AKA degenerative joint disease. The wearing down of articular cartilage within joints.
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| Osteophytes | AKA Bone Spurs. Bony projections that can cause pain or restrict movement.
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| Spondylosis | AKA Spinal Osteoarthritis. Degenerative condition of the spinal structure or function.
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| Gout | AKA Gouty Arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis caused by urate crystals in the joints.
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| Pseudogout | A form of arthritis cause by the buildup of pyrophosphate crystals.
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | AKA RA. A chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints are attacked by the immune system-- this includes the synovial membranes.
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| Ankylosing Spondylitis | AKA AS. A type of arthritis that causes inflammation in the joints of the vertebrae.
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| Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | AKA JIA. An autoimmune disorder that affects children 16 and younger, often outgrown.
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| Psoriatic Arthritis | Inflammatory form of arthritis developed by 20% of people with psoriasis
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| Herniated Disk | AKA slipped disk AKA Ruptured Disk. The breaking apart of an intervertebral disc resulting in a bulge that puts pressure on spinal nerves
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| Lumbago | AKA Low Back Pain.
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| Spondylolisthesis | The forward slipping movement of the body from one of the lower lumbar vertebrae
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| Spina Bifida | A congenital Defect that occurs during early pregnancy where the spinal canal doesn't close.
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| Kyphosis | AKA Hunchback. The abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine.
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| Lordosis | AKA Swayback. The abnormal increase in the inward curvature of the lumbar spine.
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| Scoliosis | The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
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| Avascular Necrosis | AKA osteonecrosis. When an area of bone tissue dies due to insufficient blood flow.
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| Osteitis | Inflammation of a bone.
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| Osteomalacia | AKA Adult Rickets. The abnormal softening of bones in adults, often due to a deficiency of Vitamin D
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| Osteomyelitis | Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone. Usually caused by a bacterial infection.
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| Paget's Disease | A chronic bone disease bone bone is broken down and new bone formed is often misshapen and weak.
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| Periostitis | Inflammation of the periosteum, such as shin splints.
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| Radiculopathy | The compression of a nerve in the spine. AKA pinched nerve.
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| Rickets | A disease in children characterized by defective bone growth.
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| Why have American cases of Rickets decreased? | America often fortifies milk with vitamin D, which allows for the appropriate absorption of calcium, which helps normal bone growth.
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| Spinal Stenosis | A narrowing of spaces in the spine, which puts pressure on nerves and the spinal cord.
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| Short Stature | Formerly Dwarfism. More than 200 conditions fit into this category.
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| Clubfoot | AKA Talipes. A congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus.
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| Malignant | becoming progressively worse or life-threatening.
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| Bone Metastasis | When cancer cells from elsewhere in the body spread to the bones.
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| Multiple Myeloma | A type of cancer that happens in blood-making plasma cells in red bone marrow.
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| Osteochondroma | A benign bony projection covered with cartilage
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| Benign | Something that is not life-threatening and does not recur
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| Extosis | A type of outgrowth of tissue.
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| Osteoporosis | The significant loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity.
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| Osteopenia | A thinner-than-average bone density.
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| Compression Fracture | When a bone is pressed together on itself
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| Colles fracture | AKA broken wrist. The fracture of the distal end of the radius, usually happening when someone uses their hands to break a fall.
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| Fracture | Broken Bone
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| Closed Fracture | AKA Simple fracture, AKA complete fracture. A bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin
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| Open Fracture | AKA compound fracture. A bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin.
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| Comminuted Fracture | A break where a bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces
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| Incomplete Fracture | In which a bone does not break into two separate pieces, occurring primarily in children
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| Greenstick fracture | Only one side of the bone is broken, and the other side is only bent
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| Buckle Fracture | AKA Torus Fracture. The side of a bone is compressed and bends but doesn't break.
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| Oblique Fracture | A break that goes at an angle across the bone
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| Pathologic Fracture | A break that happens under normal strain.
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| Spiral Fracture | A complete break in which a bone has been twisted apart.
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| Stress Fracture | An overuse injury. Usually a small crack in the bone that develops from chronic excessive impact.
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| Transverse fracture | A break that is straight across, perpendicular to the shaft of the bone.
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| Fat Embolis | When the fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood, creating a blockage.
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| Crepitation | AKA Crepitus. The sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together, or the popping and clicking sounds in the movement of the joints.
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| Callus | The thickening of the bone tissue that forms when a bone heals from a break. Also the thickening of the tissue of the skin
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| Radiography | AKA X-ray imaging. Images that help visualize bone fractures or abnormalities
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| Arthroscopy | The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope.
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| Bone Marrow Biopsy | A diagnostic test where a small amount of Bone Marrow is removed and tested.
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| Bone Marrow Aspiration | The use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow.
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | AKA MRI. Used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of joints. Not as effective on hard tissues.
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| Computed Tomography | AKA CT scan - a diagnostic procedure
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| Bone Density Testing | Used to diagnose different bone disease that deal with the density of bones.
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| Bisphosphonates | A class of medical drugs that slow loss of bone density.
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| Bone Marrow Transplant | A stem cell transplant used to treat some cancers. First the cancer cells and the patient's bone marrow are destroyed via radiation and chemo, then new cells are introduced.
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| Allogenic | Using the cells or tissues from a donor to do a procedure.
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| Autologous | Using the cells or tissues from the patient to do a procedure.
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| Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant | Uses stem cells in the blood stream as the transplant material, drawn, stored, and returned though blood.
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| Orthotic | A mechanical appliance used to support, control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.
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| Prosthesis | A substitute for a diseased or missing body part.
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| Arthrodesis | AKA surgical ankylosis. The surgical fusion of joints.
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| Arthroscopic Surgery | A minimally invasive procedure to look at the interior of a joint through small incisions.
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| Bone Grafting | A surgical procedure to transplant bone.
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| Synovectomy | The surgical removal of the synovial membrane from a joint.
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| Revision surgery | The replacement or a worn or failed implant, a surgery to fix something you have fixed before.
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| Amputation | The surgical or accidental removal of a limb.
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| Percutaneous Diskectomy | The removal of part of an intervertebral disk via a tube through the skin
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| Percutaneous Vertebroplasty | Bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures in a minimally-invasive procedure.
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| Laminectomy | The surgical removal of the lamina (posterior portion of the vertebrae).
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| Spinal Fusion | A technique to join together two or more vertebrae
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| Decompressive Craniectomy | The surgical removal of a portion of the skull.
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| Intracranial pressure | The amount of pressure inside the skull which pushes out on the cranial bones.
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| Craniotomy | The surgical incision or opening into the skull
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| Osteotomy | The surgical cutting and reshaping of a bone.
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| Closed Reduction | AKA manipulation. The attempted non-surgical realignment of the bone.
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| Open reduction | A surgical procedure to realign the parts of the bone.
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| Immobilization | AKA stabilization. The act of holding or fastening a bone to a fixed position.
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| Traction | A pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction to aid in alignment
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| External Fixation | Using an external appliance to hold bones firmly in place while healing, then removed.
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| Internal Fixation | Using hardware directly against the bone to repair an injury or flaw, which usually remains in the body indefinitely.
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| TKR, THR | Total Knee Replacement, Total Hip Replacement
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| OA, OP | Osteoarthritis, Osteoporosis
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| PKR | Partial Knee Replacement
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